Candidiasis is a yeast infection due to all types of Candida (yeast). When it affects the mouth, it is commonly called canker sores . Signs and symptoms include white patches on the tongue or other areas of the mouth and throat. Other symptoms may include pain and swallowing problems. When it affects the vagina, it's called yeast infection . Signs and symptoms include itching of the genitals, burning sensations, and sometimes white "cheese" fluids from the vagina. Yeast infections in the penis are less common and usually present with an itchy rash. Very rarely, yeast infections can become invasive, spreading to other parts of the body. This can cause fever along with other symptoms depending on the part involved.
More than 20 types of Candida can cause infection with Candida albicans to be the most common. Oral infections are most common in children younger than one month, older people, and those with weakened immune systems. Conditions that produce weak immune systems include HIV/AIDS, drugs used after organ transplantation, diabetes, and corticosteroid use. Other risks include dentures and following antibiotic therapy. Vaginal infections occur more commonly during pregnancy, in those with weakened immune systems, and follow the use of antibiotics. Individuals at risk for invasive candidiasis include low birth weight infants, people who recover from surgery, people treated in intensive care units, and those with compromised immune systems.
Efforts to prevent oral infections include the use of chlorhexidine mouthwash on those with poor immune function and mouth wash after the use of inhaled steroids. Little evidence supports probiotics for prevention or treatment even among those who have frequent vaginal infections. For oral infections, treatment with topical clotrimazole or nystatin is usually effective. By mouth or intravenous fluconazole, itraconazole, or amphotericin B may be used if this does not work. A number of topical antifungal drugs may be used for vaginal infections including clotrimazole. In those with widespread disease, echinocandin such as caspofungin or micafungin is used. A number of weeks of intravenous amphotericin B can be used as an alternative. In certain groups with very high risks, antifungal drugs can be used preventatively.
Mouth infections occur in about 6% of infants younger than one month. About 20% of those receiving chemotherapy for cancer and 20% of those with AIDS also develop the disease. About three-quarters of women have at least one yeast infection at a time during their lifetime. Widespread disease is rare except in those with risk factors.
Video Candidiasis
Signs and symptoms
The signs and symptoms of candidiasis vary depending on the affected area. Most candida infections produce minimal complications such as redness, itching, and discomfort, although complications can be severe or even fatal if left untreated to a particular population. In healthy people (immunocompetent), candidiasis is usually a local infection of the skin, fingernails or toenails (onychomycosis), or mucous membranes, including the oral and pharynx (thrush), esophagus, and genital (vaginal, penile, ); less common in healthy individuals, gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, and respiratory tract are sites of candida infection.
In people with immune system disorders, Candida infection in the esophagus occurs more often than in healthy people and has a higher potential to be systemic, leading to a much more serious condition, a fungemia called candidemia. Symptoms of esophageal candidiasis include difficulty swallowing, swallowing pain, abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting.
Thrush is usually seen in infants. This is not considered abnormal in the baby unless it lasts longer than a few weeks.
Vaginal or vulvar infections can cause itching, burning, pain, irritation, and whiteness such as whitish or whitish cheese. Symptoms of infection of the male genitalia (balanitis thrush) include red skin around the head of the penis, swelling, irritation, itching and headache of the penis, thickness, mucus mucus under the foreskin, unpleasant odors, difficulty in attracting the foreskin (phimosis), and pain during urination or during sex.
Common symptoms of gastrointestinal candidiasis in healthy people are anal itching, belching, bloating, indigestion, nausea, diarrhea, gas, intestinal cramps, vomiting, and gastric ulcers. Perianal candidiasis may cause anal itching; lesions may be erythematous, papular, or ulcerative in appearance, and are not considered sexually transmitted diseases. Proliferation of abnormal candida in the intestine may cause dysbiosis. Although not yet clear, this change may be a source of symptoms commonly described as irritable bowel syndrome, and other gastrointestinal diseases.
Maps Candidiasis
Cause
Candida yeast is generally present in healthy humans, often part of the normal flora of the mouth and intestines of the human body, and especially of the skin; However, their growth is usually limited by the human immune system and by competition of other microorganisms, such as bacteria that occupy the same location in the human body. Candida requires moisture for growth, especially on the skin. For example, wearing wet bathing suits for long periods is believed to be a risk factor. In extreme cases, superficial infections of the skin or mucous membranes may enter the bloodstream and cause Candida system infection.
Factors that increase the risk of candidiasis include HIV/AIDS, mononucleosis, cancer treatment, steroids, stress, antibiotic use, diabetes, and nutritional deficiencies. Hormone replacement therapy and infertility treatment can also be a predisposing factor. Treatment with antibiotics can lead to eliminating the yeast's natural competitors for resources in oral and intestinal flora; thus increasing the severity of the condition. A weak or undeveloped immune system or metabolic disease is a significant predisposing factor of candidiasis. Nearly 15% of people with weakened immune systems develop systemic diseases caused by species Candida . A diet high in simple carbohydrates has been found to affect the level of oral candidiases.
C. albicans were isolated from the vagina of 19% of apparently healthy women, those with little or no symptoms of infection. The use of external detergents or disorders or internal disturbances (hormonal or physiological) may interfere with the normal flora of the vagina, which consists of lactic acid bacteria, such as lactobacilli, and produce overgrowth of Candida cells, causing symptoms of infection, such as inflammation local. Pregnancy and use of oral contraceptives have been reported as risk factors. Diabetes mellitus and the use of antibiotics are also associated with an increase in yeast infection rates.
In penile candidiasis, the cause includes sexual intercourse with an infected individual, low immunity, antibiotics, and diabetes. Male genital fungal infections are less common, but yeast infections in the penis are caused by direct contact through sexual contact with an infected partner not infrequently.
Diagnosis
Symptoms of vaginal candidiasis are also present in more common bacterial vaginosis; aerobic vaginitis is different and should be excluded in the differential diagnosis. In a 2002 study, only 33% of women treated themselves for yeast infections that actually had such infections, while most suffered from bacterial vaginosis or mixed-type infections.
The diagnosis of yeast infection is performed either through microscopic examination or culture. For identification by light microscopy, friction or swab from the affected area is placed on a microscope slide. One drop of 10% potassium hydroxide solution (KOH) is then added to the specimen. KOH dissolves skin cells, but leaves the Candida cells intact, allowing the visualization of pseudohyphae and yeast cells that sprout distinctively from many species of Candida .
For the culture method, sterile rubbing is rubbed on the surface of the infected skin. Wipe then streaks on the culture medium. The cultures were incubated at 37 ° C (98.6 ° F) for several days, to allow for the development of yeast or bacterial colonies. Characteristics (such as morphology and color) of the colonies enable the initial diagnosis of the organism causing the symptoms of the disease.
Breathing, gastrointestinal, and esophageal candidiasis require endoscopy to be diagnosed. For gastrointestinal candidiasis, it is necessary to obtain a 3-5 milliliter fluid sample from the duodenum for fungal cultures. The diagnosis of gastrointestinal candidiasis is based on a culture that contains more than 1,000 units of colony-forming per milliliter.
Classification
Candidiasis can be divided into these types:
- mucosal candidiasis
- Oral candidiasis (candidiasis, oropharyngeal)
- pseudomembranous candidiasis
- erythematous candidiasis
- Hyperplastic candidiasis
- Denture-related stomatitis - Candida organisms are involved in about 90% of cases
- Angular cheilitis - Candida species is responsible for approximately 20% of cases, mixed infection of C. albicans
for approximately 60% of cases. - Median rhomboid glutoid
- Candidal vulvovaginitis (vaginal yeast infection)
- Candida balanitis - infection of the glans penis, almost exclusively occurs in uncircumcised men
- Esophageal candidiasis (candida esophagitis)
- Gastrointestinal candidiasis
- Respiratory candidiasis
- Oral candidiasis (candidiasis, oropharyngeal)
- skin candidiasis
- Candidial folliculitis
- Intertrigo drive
- Paronikia kandinal
- Perianal candidiasis, may present as pruritus ani
- Candidid
- Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis
- Cutaneous congenital candidiasis
- Candidiasis diapers: infant diaper area
- Erosion interdigitalis blastomycetica
- Candidial onychomycosis (nail infection) caused by Candida
- Systemic candidiasis
- Candidemia, a form of fungemia that can cause sepsis
- Invasive candidiasis (disseminated candidiasis) - organ infection by Candida
- Chronic systemic candidiasis (hepatosplenic candidiasis) - occasionally arises during recovery from neutropenia
- Antibiotic candidiasis (iatrogenic candidiasis)
Prevention
Diets that support the immune system and are not high in simple carbohydrates contribute to a healthy balance of oral and intestinal flora. While yeast infections are associated with diabetes, the level of blood sugar control does not affect risk. Wearing cotton clothing can help reduce the risk of skin and vaginal yeast infections, as well as not wearing wet clothes for long periods of time.
Oral hygiene can help prevent oral candidiasis when people have a weakened immune system. For people who undergo cancer treatment, chlorhexidine mouthwash can prevent or reduce canker sores. People who use inhaled corticosteroids may reduce the risk of developing oral candidiasis by rinsing with water or mouthwash after using an inhaler.
For women with recurrent yeast infections, there is limited evidence that oral or intravaginal probiotics help prevent future infections. This includes either as a pill or yogurt.
Treatment
Candidiasis is treated with antifungal drugs; These include clotrimazole, nystatin, fluconazole, voriconazole, amphotericin B, and echinocandins. Intravenous fluconazole or intravenous echinocandin such as caspofungin is commonly used to treat individuals who are impaired immune systems or who are critically ill.
The 2016 revision of clinical practice guidelines for the management of candidiasis lists a large number of specialized treatment regimens for Candida infections involving different species Candida, the form of antifungal drug resistance, immune status, and the localization and severity of infection. Gastrointestinal candidiasis in immunocompetent individuals is treated with 100-200 mg per day for 2-3 weeks.
Local infection
Oral and throat candidiasis is treated with anti-fungal drugs. Oral candidiasis usually responds to topical treatments; otherwise, systemic antifungal drugs may be necessary for oral infection. Candida skin infections in the skin fold (candidal intertrigo) usually respond well to topical antifungal treatments (eg, nystatin or miconazole). Systemic treatment with oral antifungal is provided for severe cases or if treatment with topical therapy is not successful. Candida esophagitis can be treated orally or intravenously; for severe or azole-resistant esophageal candidiasis, treatment with amphotericin B may be necessary.
Vaginal yeast infections are usually treated with topical antifungal agents. A one-time dose of fluconazole is 90% effective in treating vaginal yeast infections. For non-recurrent severe cases, multiple doses of fluconazole are recommended. Local treatments may include vaginal suppositories or douche medications. Other types of yeast infections require different doses. Gentian violet can be used for canker sores in breastfed babies. C. albicans may develop resistance to fluconazole, this is more a problem in those with HIV/AIDS who are often treated with some fluconazole programs for recurrent oral infections.
For vaginal yeast infections in pregnancy, topical imidazole or antifungal triazole is considered the preferred treatment because of available safety data. Systemic absorption of these topical formulations is minimal, slightly at risk of transplacental transfer. In vaginal yeast infections in pregnancy, treatment with topical azole antifungals is recommended for 7 days, rather than shorter duration.
There is no benefit of probiotics found for active infection.
Blood infection
Systemic candidiasis occurs when Candida yeast enters the bloodstream and can spread (into disseminated candidiasis) to other organs, including the central nervous system, kidneys, liver, bone, muscle, joint, spleen, or eye. Treatment usually consists of oral or intravenous antifungal drugs. In blood candida infections, intravenous fluconazole or echinocandin such as caspofungin can be used. Amphotericin B is another option.
Prognosis
Among individuals treated in the intensive care unit, mortality rates are around 30-50% when systemic candidiasis develops.
Epidemiology
Oral candidiasis is the most common fungal infection in the mouth, and is also the most common opportunistic oral infection in humans. In the western hemisphere, about 75% of women are affected at some time in their lives with vaginal yeast infections.
Esophageal candidiasis is the most common esophageal infection in people with AIDS and accounts for about 50% of all esophageal infections, often with other esophageal diseases. About two-thirds of people with AIDS and oesophageal candidiasis also have oral candidiasis.
Candida sepsis is rare. Candida is the fourth most common cause of bloodstream infections among hospital patients in the United States.
History
A description of what sounds like oral sprinkling back to the time of Hippocrates around <460-370 BC.
Vulvovaginal candidiasis was first described in 1849 by Wilkinson. In 1875, Haussmann showed the organisms that both vulvovaginal and oral candidiasis were the same.
With the advent of antibiotics after World War II, the level of candidiasis increased. The number then declined in 1950 after the development of nystatin.
The term "canker sores" refers to the similarities of white spots present in some forms of candidiasis (eg, pseudomembranous candidiasis) with breasts of birds of the same name. The term candidosis is mostly used in English English, and candidiasis in American English. Candida is also pronounced differently; in American English, the emphasis is on "i", whereas in English English the emphasis is on the first syllable.
The genus of Candida and C. albicans species was described by botanist Christine Marie Berkhout in his doctoral thesis at Utrecht University in 1923. Over the years, the classification of genera and species has evolved. Obsolete names for this genus include Mycotorula and Torulopsis . This species has also been known in the past as Monilia albicans and Oidium albicans . The current classification is nomen conservandum , meaning the name is allowed for use by the International Botanical Congress (IBC).
The genus Candida covers about 150 different species; However, little is known to cause infection in humans. C. albicans is the most significant pathogenic species. Other pathogenic species in humans include C. tropicalis , C. glabrata , C. krusei , C. parapsilosis , C. dubliniensis , and C. lusitaniae .
The name Candida is proposed by Berkhout. This is from the Latin toga candida , referring to the white dress (robe) worn by the candidate for the Senate from the ancient Roman republic. Specific nicknames albicans are also from Latin, albicare which means "whiten". These names refer to the appearance of the species of Candida which is generally white when cultured.
Alternative medicine
A 2005 publication noted that the "great pseudoscientific cult" has evolved around the Candida topic, with claims of up to one in three people affected by yeast related disease, especially a condition called "hypersensitivity Candidiasis". Some alternative medicine practitioners have promoted these recognized conditions and sold dietary supplements as expected; a number of them have been prosecuted. In 1990, an alternative health-care vendor Nature's Way signed an FTC approval agreement to not wrongly advertise its own diagnostic test of yeast conditions or to make unfounded representations of the ability of food or supplements to control yeast conditions, with a $ 30,000 fine paid to the National Institutes of Health for research in original candidiasis.
Research
High-level Candida colonization is associated with several diseases of the digestive tract including Crohn's disease.
There has been an increase in antifungal resistance throughout the world over the last 30-40 years.
References
External links
- Candidiasis in Curlie (based on DMOZ)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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