The French nobility (French: span i = "fr"> la noblesse ) is a privileged social class in France during the Middle Ages and Early Modern periods for the revolution in 1790. Royalty was revived in 1805 with limited rights as an elite class entitled from the First Empire until the fall of the July Monarchy of 1848, when all privileges were removed for good. Hereditary degrees, without privileges, continued until the Second Empire fell in 1870. They survived among their descendants as social conventions and as part of the legal name of the individual concerned.
In the pre-Revolutionary French political system, the nobility established the Second Plantation of the General Plantation (with Catholic priests composed of the First Plantation and the bourgeoisie and peasants in the Third Plantation). Although membership in the noble class is largely inherited, it is not a completely closed command. New people are appointed to the nobility by monarchy, or they can buy rights and titles, or join a marriage.
Different sources about the actual number of nobles in France, however, proportionally, it is one of the smallest aristocratic classes in Europe. For 1789, the French historian Franç§ois Bluche gave the figure of 140,000 nobles (9,000 noble families) and declared that about 5% of nobles could claim the descendants of feudal lords before the 15th century. With a total population of 28 million, this represents only 0.5%. Historian Gordon Wright gives the figure of 300,000 nobles (of which 80,000 are from the traditional noblesse d'ÃÆ'  © e ), which agrees with the estimates of the historian Jean de Viguerie, or slightly above 1% At the time of the revolution, the noble plantation comprised about one fifth of the land.
Video French nobility
Privileges
The French nobility has specific rights and legal and financial rights. The first official list of these prerogatives was established relatively late, under Louis XI after 1440, and included the right to hunt, to wear a sword and, in principle, to have a seigneurie (certain land of feudal rights and dues attached). Nobles were also given the exception of paying for the taille, except for the noble land they might have in some parts of France. In addition, certain ecclesiastical, civilian, and military positions are reserved for the nobles. These feudal rights are often called droits de fÃÆ' Â © odalitÃÆ' Â © dominante .
With the exception of several separate cases, slavery had vanished in France in the 15th century. In early modern France, nobles retained a large number of seigneurial privileges over free peasants working under their control. They may, for example, levy a tax on cens , an annual tax on land rented or held by a vassal. Nobles can also fill the banalitÃÆ'Â © s for the right to use a noble grinding machine, oven, or wine breaker. Alternatively, a nobleman may demand a portion of the vassals' harvests in exchange for permission for his farmland. Nobles also defend certain judicial rights to their followers, although with the advent of the modern state many of these privileges have shifted to state control, leaving rural nobles with only the function of the local police and judicial control over violations of their seigneurial rights.
In the seventeenth century this seigneurial system was founded in France belonging to North America.
Maps French nobility
Task
However, the nobles also have responsibilities. The nobles were asked to honor, serve and advise their king. They are often asked to perform military service (for example, impÃÆ'Â't du sang or "blood tax").
The "noble" rank can not be sustained: certain activities may cause dÃÆ' Â © rogeance (loss of nobility), within certain limits and exceptions. Most commercial and manual activities, such as cultivating land, are strictly prohibited, although nobles may benefit from their land by operating mines, glass mills and forges. A noble can free male heirs early, and take degrading activities without losing the noble family. If the nobility is lost through prohibited activities, it can be recovered as soon as the activity is stopped, by obtaining a "help" letter. Finally, certain areas such as Brittany loosely apply these rules allow poor nobles to plow their own land.
The French nobility
Nobles in France have never been a completely closed class. Nobles and titles are different: while all hereditary titles are noble, most nobles are not titled, although many assume titer de courtoisie. Nobles can be granted by kings or, until 1578, acquired by families who occupy government or military posts with a high enough standing for three generations. Once acquired, the nobility is usually hereditary in the male line of lawful for all male descendants. The wealthy family find opportunities ready to enter the nobility: although the nobility itself can not, by law, be bought, the land of which noble rights and/or title attaches can and is often purchased by ordinary people who adopt the use of the name or title of the property and it has since been considered noble if they can find a way to be exempted from paying for the taille that only ordinary people are subject to. In addition, non-nobles who have noble nobles are required to pay special tax (franc-fiefs) in the property to the noble nobility. Appropriately, only those who have become nobles can take the title of inheritance inherent in a glorious kingdom (ie baroni, viscounty, countship, marquisate or rank of a duke), thus earning a recognized title but not awarded by the French crown.
The children of French nobility (whether a colleague or not), unlike their English counterparts, are not considered ordinary but noble who have no title.
Inheritance was only recognized on the male line, with some exceptions ( noblesse uterine ) in the independently-independent province of Champaign, Lorraine and Brittany.
The King can give glory to the individual, transform land into fertile soil or, enhance noble prosperity into an associated plantation. The king can also grant privileges, such as noble titles, to a noble kingdom. In general, this patent must be officially registered with regional Parlement . In case of unwanted Parlement , the landowner is termed ern brevet (as in duc à brevet or duke by certificate ).
French aristocratic class
French nobility is generally divided into the following classes:
- Noblesse d'ÃÆ' Â © pÃÆ' Â © e (sword nobility), also known as noblesse de race ("Nobility through breeding"): heredity nobles and nobles who initially had to swear allegiance and military service to the King in exchange for their title. Noblesse uterine ("Nobility of the female line"), is for a matrilineal title (held by the mother line) and can be inherited by a female heir ; this was found in several families in the independent territories of Champagne, Lorraine and Brittany.
- Noblesse d'extraction : "Counter-quartier (" sixteen Quarterings "): has at least sixteen epithets of (a partition in the combined symbol field that shows every symbol of the rightful person). This means that the person has a pure or tender ancestor who will return at least four generations (parents [2 "quarters"], grandparents [4 quarters], great-grandparents [16 quarters] and great-grandchildren [16 quarters]).
- Noblesse de chancellerie (royalty from his chancellor): a virtuous folk with a certain high position for kings.
- Noblesse de cloche (Noblee scabinale Noblesse de cloche) or Noblee scabinale Noblee de Cloche or a virtuous family by being mayor ( Bourgmestre ) or a member of the city council ( ÃÆ'  © chevin ) or prÃÆ'  © vÃÆ'Â't ( Provost , or "city officials") in certain cities (such as Abbeville and Angers, AngoulÃÆ'ªme, Bourges, Lyon, Toulouse, Paris, Perpignan, and Poitiers). Some cities and towns receive temporary or sporadic status, such as Cognac, Issoudun, La Rochelle, Lyon, Nantes, Niort, Saint-Jean-d'Angà © Ã… © ly, and Tours. There were only 14 such communities at the beginning of the Revolution.
- Noblesse militaire (military aristocrat): a virtuous person or family holding a military office, generally after two or three generations.
Nobles sometimes make the following differences based on the age of their status:
- Noblesse chevaleresque (noble knight) or noblesse ancienne ("Old Duke"): nobleman from before 1400, who inherited his title since ancient times.
- Noblesse des lettres (patrician through the Patent Letters): a virtuous person with a patent letter after 1400.
Common people are called roturiers . Judge and son-in-law are sometimes called robin .
The acquisition of a noble title can be done in a generation or gradually over several generations:
The noblesse de lettres became, beginning in the reign of Francis I, a useful method of court to increase revenue; Non-noble nobles who have noble nobles will pay a one year income from their prosperity to get a nobleman. In 1598, Henry IV outlined some of these anoblissments, but eventually went on to practice.
The noblesse de cloche dates from 1372 (to the city of Poitiers) and is only found in certain cities with legal and judicial freedoms, such as Toulouse with "capitouls", gaining the nobility as a member of the city council; by the Revolution these cities are only a handful.
The noblesse de chancellerie first appeared during the reign of Charles VIII at the end of the 15th century. To hold the chancellor's office is necessary (with some exceptions) noble status, so non-nobles are given a position raised for the nobility, generally after 20 years of service. Non-nobles paid a large sum to hold this position, but this noble form was often mocked as savonnette ÃÆ' villain ("soap for slaves").
The noblesse de robe exists by the old tradition. In 1600 it gained legal status. The high positions in the regional village, the tax council (chambres des comptes), and other state and financial offices (usually purchased at high prices) were given nobility, generally in two generations, even though membership in the Paris Parliament, DauphinÃÆ' Â ©, BesanÃÆ'§on and Flanders, as well as on the tax council of Paris, Dole and Grenoble appoint an officer to a nobility in one generation.
These state offices could be lost by the family due to the unexpected death of the office holder. In an attempt to gain more tax revenues, the king's financial adviser, the investor Charles Paulet, instituted Paulette in 1604. This is an annual tax of 1/60 of the price of an office insuring transmissions from generation to generation. This annual tax established the acquisition of a public office in France, and by the mid-seventeenth century the majority of the holders of office had been noble from the old ownership.
Henry IV began enacting the law against the title race of nobles, and in 1666-1674 Louis XIV mandated a massive verification program on hereditary rights. Oral testimony that maintains that parents and grandparents have been born glorious and such life is no longer acceptable: written proof (marriage contracts, land documents) proving the noble rank since 1560 was asked to strengthen the noble status. Many families are re-entered to the taille list and/or are forced to pay fines for the title of nobility. Many documents such as notarial deeds and contracts are forged, scratched or overwritten resulting in rejection by crown officials and more fines. During the same period Louis the Great desperately needed money for the war that issued the empty letters of the nobility and urged the crown officials to sell them to the aspiring guards in the Provinces.
Title, noble title, and order
There are two types of titles used by French nobles: some are personal rank and others related to the owned fief, called fiefs de dignità ©  © .
The use of noble particles de in noble names (Fr: la particule ) is not officially controlled in France (unlike von > in the German states), and not a reliable proof of the carrier nobleman. In certain small parishes, every commoner from merchant to blacksmith closes with "de" on the church list. In the 18th and 19th centuries, de was adopted by a large number of non-nobles (such as HonorÃÆ'Â © de Balzac or GÃÆ' Â © rard de Nerval) in an attempt to appear noble. This effort is easily supported by civilian officers. They were initially mocked but accepted within a generation or two. It is estimated that 90% of the names are now with noble particles, or only 10% of them are brought by authentic nobles. Some authentic "extraction" nobles even without particles at all.
Each royal rank - the royal prince, the prince belongs to the royal family collateral (prince du prince du ), duc, marquis, comte, vicomte, baron, etc. - grant its own privileges; dukes for example can enter the royal dwelling on the train, duchess can sit on the bench (tablatet ) in the presence of the queen. Duke in France - the most important group after the princes - is subdivided into those who are also "peers" ( Duc et Pair ) and those who do not. Dukes without the title of noble fall into one of two groups: they were never given a noble slave by the king, and those of the Parcel of Paris refused to register the king lettres patentes permanently or temporarily in protest. against promotion.
The noble hierarchy was further complicated by the creation of the warrior's command - Chevaliers du Saint-Esprit (Knight of the Holy Spirit) created by Henry III in 1578; Ordre de Saint-Michel created by Louis XI in 1469; the Order of Saint Louis made by Louis XIV in 1696 - by official posts, and by positions in the Royal House, such as grand maÃÆ'® tre de la garde- robe (the grand master of the royal cabinet, the royal cabinet) or the grand panetier (royal bread server), which has long since ceased to be an actual function and has become a nominal and formal position with the right themselves. The 17th and 18th centuries saw the nobles and the noblesse de robe battling each other for this position and another sign of royal support.
Attending a royal rite at Versailles (the smaller and familiar petit lever du roi and the more formal grand lever du roi ), asked to cross the barrier that separates the royal bed from the whole room, invited to talk to the king, or mentioned by the king... all are signs of goodness and are actively sought after.
Economic status
The study of noble economics in France revealed a big difference in financial status. By the end of the 18th century, wealthy families could produce 100,000-150,000 livres per year, although the most prestigious families could earn two or three times as much. For the provincial aristocracy, the annual income of 10,000 livres is allowed minimum provincial luxury, but most earn much less. The noble spending ethic, the financial crisis of this century and the inability of the nobles to participate in most fields without losing their nobility have contributed to their poverty.
In the 18th century, the Comte de Boulainvilliers, a rural nobleman, expressed the conviction that the French nobility had been descended from the victorious Franks, while non-nobles descended from conquered Gaul. This theory has no validity, but offers a comforting myth to the poor aristocratic class.
Aristocratic Code
The idea of ​​what it means to be a nobleman undergoes a radical transformation from the 16th to the 17th centuries. Through contact with the Italian Renaissance and their concept of the perfect courtier (Baldassare Castiglione), the rough warrior class is transformed into what the 17th century will come to call b> l'honnÃÆ'ªte homme ('honest person' or 'honest'), among the virtuous people is the ability to speak fluently, the skill dancing, refinement of manners, respect for art, intellectual curiosity, intelligence, spiritual or platonic attitudes in love, and the ability to write poetry. The most important of noble values ​​is an aristocratic obsession with "glory" ( la gloire) and greatness ( splendor ) and a spectacle of power, prestige, and luxury. For example, the heroes of the nobleman Pierre Corneille have been criticized by modern readers who have seen their acts as boastful, criminal, or hubristic; The aristocratic audience of the period will see much of this same act as a representative of their noble station.
The chÃÆ' Â ¢ teau Versailles, court ballads, lofty portraits, arches of victory are representations of glory and prestige. Ideas of glory (military, artistic, etc.) Seen in the context of the model of the Roman Empire; it is not seen as futile or arrogant, but as a moral imperative for the aristocratic classes. Nobles are asked to be "generous" and "generous", to do great deeds uninterested (that is because of their demanding status - from which noblesse expression requires - and without expecting financial or political gain), and to master their own emotions, especially fear, jealousy, and desire for revenge. The status of a person in the world demands an appropriate externalization (or "conspicuous consumption"). The nobles owed themselves to building the prestigious urban houses ( hÃÆ'Â'tels particuliers ) and purchased clothing, paintings, silverware, plates, and other furnishings that fit their ranks. They were also asked to show generosity by having a lavish party and by funding art.
In contrast, the social parvenus who takes the external ornaments of the noble classes (such as wearing a sword) is heavily criticized, sometimes by legal action; the law on luxury clothing worn by the bourgeoisie existed since the Middle Ages.
Traditional aristocratic values ​​began to be criticized in the mid-seventeenth century: Blaise Pascal, for example, offered a ferocious analysis of the spectacle of power and FranÃÆ'§ois de La Rochefoucauld argued that no human action - however generous it is to pretend to be - can considered not interested.
By relocating the French royal palace to Versailles in the 1680s, Louis XIV further modified the roles of the nobles. Versailles became a golden cage: leaving a disaster spelled for a noble, as all official accusations and appointments are made there. The provincial nobles who refused to join the Versailles system were locked away from important positions in the military or state offices, and the lack of royal subsidies (and unable to maintain a noble lifestyle in seigneurial taxes), these rural nobles ( hobereaux ) often owe. Strict etiquette imposed: a word or a view of the king can make or break a career. At the same time, the relocation of the courts to Versailles was also a brilliant political move by Louis. By distracting the nobles with the life of the palace and the daily intrigues that accompany him, he neutralizes a strong threat to his authority and removes the greatest obstacle to his ambition to concentrate power in France.
Power and protest
Before Louis XIV imposed his will on the nobility, the big French families often claimed the fundamental right to rebel against unacceptable royal abuse. The War of Religion, Fronde, civil unrest during the minority Charles VIII and the counties of Anne of Austria and Marie de Medici were all related to the loss of rights felt in the hands of a centralized monarchical power.
Prior to and immediately after the revocation of the Nantes Order in 1685, many Protestant aristocratic families emigrated and thereby lost their land in France. In certain regions of France, most of the nobility has turned to Protestantism and their departure has significantly depleted the ranks of the nobility. Some were put into the nobility of their adopted country.
Most of the noble power in this period of unrest came from their "client system". Like the king, the nobles conferred the use of marriage, and gave gifts and other forms of patronage to other nobles to develop a vast system of noble clients. The smaller families will send their children to be bodyguards and members of these glorious homes, and to learn in it the art of the court and arms community.
The state elaboration of ancien rà © gime is possible only by redirecting this client's system to a new focal point (king and state), and by creating a balancing force (bourgeois, aristocratic robe ). By the end of the 17th century, any act of explicit or implicit protest was treated as a form of lÃÆ'¨se-majestÃÆ' © and harshly suppressed.
Nobility and the Enlightenment
Many of the key figures of the Enlightenment are French nobles, such as Montesquieu, whose full name is Charles de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu.
Abolition of privileges during the French Revolution
At the beginning of the French Revolution, on August 4, 1789 dozens of small dues to be paid by an ordinary citizen to the master, such as imitations of Manhattanism, were abolished by the National Constituent Assembly; the noble lands were stripped of their special status as fiefs; the nobility is taxed the same as their counterparts, and loses their privileges (hunting, seigneurial justice, funerals). However, the nobles were allowed to defend their title. This is not happening immediately. The decree of the petition must be drafted, signed, announced and published in the Province, so that certain noble rights are still applied properly until 1791.
Nevertheless, it was decided that certain annual financial payments which were the debt of the nobility and who were considered "contractual" (ie not derived from the appropriation of feudal power, but of the contract between the landowner and the lessee) such as the annual rent (the cens < > and champart ) need to be repurchased by the lessee because the lessee has a clear right over the land. Because the feudal rights of the nobles have been called droits de feodalitÃÆ' Â © dominante , this is called droits de fÃÆ' Â © odalitÃÆ' Â © contractante The assigned value (May 3, 1790) for the purchase of this contract debt is 20 times the annual monetary amount (or 25 times the annual amount if given in the crop or goods); farmers are also required to pay back unpaid contributions over the past thirty years. There is no credit system made for small farmers, and only rich people can take advantage of the decision. This creates massive land grabs by rich peasants and middle class members, who are absent landlords and their lands are worked by poor tenants and tenants.
The Declaration of Human Rights and Citizenship was adopted by the vote of the Assembly on 26 August 1789, but the abolition of nobility did not take place at that time. The declaration states in his first article that "Men are born free and equal in rights, social differences may be based on general utility only." Not until 19 June 1790, the hereditary nobility was abolished. The notion of equality and brotherhood won some nobles like the Marquis de Lafayette in favor of the abolition of noble law acknowledgment, but other liberal nobles who gladly sacrificed their fiscal privileges saw this as an attack on the culture of honor.
Nobles since the Revolution
Nobles and hereditary titles were abolished by the Revolutions of 1789 and 1848, but hereditary titles were restored by a decision in 1852 and have not been removed by the next law. However, since 1875 the President of the Republic did not grant or affirm the French titles (certain foreign titles were continuously allowed to be used in France by the office of the President of 1961), but the French state still verified them; civil courts can protect them; and criminal courts may prosecute their harassment.
Bourbon restoration Louis XVIII saw the return of the old nobles to power (while ultra-royalists shouted for the return of lost land). The election law of 1817 suffrage is limited to the wealthiest or most prestigious (less than 0.5%) of the population, which includes many of the old nobles.
NapolÃÆ' Â © on Bonaparte set his own hereditary degrees during the Empire, and these new aristocrats were confirmed in the legal retention of their titles even after their overthrow. Overall, some 2,200 titles were made by Napoleon I:
- Prince and Dukes:
- the sovereign prince (3)
- grand grands duchies (20)
- the prince of victory (4)
- the triumph of dukedoms (10)
- other dukedoms (3)
- Count (251)
- Baron (1516)
- Knights (385)
In 1975, there were 239 remaining families holding the First Empire title. Of them, perhaps 130-140 are given the title. Only one prince title and seven dukes are left.
Napoleon also established a new knight order in 1802, LÃÆ' Â © gion d'honneur , which is still there but not officially hereditary. Napoleon has decided by decree that three generations of legionnaires will bestow the noble family of descendants with the title of "chevalier". A small number of French families fulfill the requirements but Napoleon's decision was canceled and not applied today.
Between 1830 and 1848 Louis Philippe, the King of France retained the House of Peers established by Bourbon under Restoration, though he made his slave non-hereditary, and was given a hereditary title, but without a "noble".
The Second Empire Napoleon III also granted hereditary titles until the monarchy was abolished again in 1870. While the Third Republic returned once more to the principle of equality embraced by the Revolution (at least among Radical political parties), in the upper echelons of the French Community retained their notion of social differences until the 20th century (as evidenced, for example, by the presence of nobility and the glorious class distinctions in Marcel Proust's works).
The First World War took a big toll on the noble family. It is estimated that one-third of the noble family names become extinct due to the death of their last accompanist.
The French court, however, argued that the concepts of nobility were incompatible with the equality of all citizens before the law proclaimed in the Declaration of Human Rights in 1789, and which remained a part of the 1958 Constitution. "Nobles", like a concept and legal status, by because it has been effectively removed in France.
Nevertheless, an extant title that is inherited under one of the French monarchist regimes is considered part of the legal name that descends according to their original grant (as far as they graduate from and for men only). They are unable to be a legal part of the name with self-assumption or prolonged use, and are entitled to equal protection in French civil and criminal tribunals as a name, even though they have no privileges or precedence (see the noble title of the British Empire). The title rule is carried out by the Bureau of the Ministry of Justice, which can verify and authorize the carrier to legitimately use the title in official documents such as birth certificates.
Symbol
In France, the seal ring ( chevaliÃÆ'¨re ) carrying the emblem is not, so far, a mark or evidence of nobility; thousands of bourgeois families were allowed to register their weapons, and they often made them "as if". At best a ring is a sign of fidelity that is more or less wise for certain values, moral virtues and cultural heritage.
Yet all the noble families have an emblem. This ring is traditionally worn by the French on the finger of their left hand, contrary to the usage in most other European countries (where the finger is worn on the little finger of the right or left hand, depending on the country); But French women wear it on their left little finger. Girls sometimes wear their mother's seal ring if the father has no emblem, but boy does not.
The
Tidak ada kontrol atau perlindungan hukum atau formal atas pengangkutan cincin meterai.
Ancien RÃÆ' © gime
Kekaisaran Napoleonik
Monarki Juli
Galeri
Lihat juga
- Adipati di Prancis dan Daftar dukedom Prancis
- Daftar marquisat Prancis
- Daftar lambang dari rekan Prancis
- Daftar rekan Prancis
- Daftar bujangan Prancis
- Peerage of France
- Sistem Seigneurial di Perancis Baru
- Penggabungan keluarga bangsawan Perancis (dalam bahasa Prancis)
Catatan
Referensi
- BÃÆ' © nichou, Paul. Morales du grand siÃÆ'¨cle . Paris: Gallimard, 1948. ISBNÂ 2-07-032473-7
- Bluche, FranÃÆ'§ois. L'Ancien RÃÆ' © gime: Lembaga dan sosiÃÆ' © tÃÆ' © . Koleksi: Livre de poche. Paris: Fallois, 1993. ISBNÂ 2-253-06423-8
- Chaussinand-Nogaret, Guy. Bangsawan Prancis di Abad Delapan Belas . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.
- Ford, Franklin L. Gamis & amp; Pedang: Regrouping dari Aristokrasi Perancis setelah Louis XIV . Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1953.
- Dioudonnat, Pierre-Marie. Encyclopedie de la Fauss Noblesse et de la Noblesse d'Apparence . Ed baru. Paris: Sedopols, 1994.
- Hobsbawm, Eric. Zaman Revolusi . New York: Vintage, 1996. ISBNÂ 978-0-679-77253-8
- La Chesnaye-Desbois et Badier, FranÃÆ'§ois de (comp). Dictionnaire de la Noblesse de la France . 3d ed. 18v. Paris: Bachelin-Deflorenne, 1868-73 (Kraus-Thomson Organization, 1969).
- Mayor, J. Russell. Dari Monarki Renaissance ke Monarki Absolut: Raja Prancis, Bangsawan & amp; Perkebunan . Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1994. ISBNÂ 0-8018-5631-0
- Elias, Norbert. The Court Society. (Aslinya publ., 1969) New York: Pantheon, 1983. ISBNÂ 0-394-71604-3
- Pillorget, RenÃÆ' © dan Suzanne Pillorget. France Baroque, France Classique 1589-1715 . Koleksi: Bouquins. Paris: Laffont, 1995. ISBNÂ 2-221-08110-2
- Soboul, Albert. La RÃÆ' © volution franÃÆ'§aise . Paris: Editions Sociales, 1982. ISBNÂ 2-209-05513-X
- Viguerie, Jean de. Histoire et lectnaire du temps des LumiÃÆ'¨res 1715-1789 . Koleksi: Bouquins. Paris: Laffont, 1995. ISBNÂ 2-221-04810-5
- Wright, Gordon. Prancis di Modern Times . Edisi ke-4. New York: Norton, 1987. ISBNÂ 0-393-95582-6
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments