South American English or Southern English U.S. is a large collection of American English dialects used throughout the Southern United States, although more and more in rural areas and especially by white Americans. Usually in the United States, dialects together are simply referred to as South . Other more recent ethno-linguistic terms in American linguistics include Southern White Vernacular English and Rural White Southern English.
Regional South American English was consolidated and expanded across traditional Southern countries since the last quarter of the nineteenth century until around World War II, largely replacing the older South American dialect. With this younger and more united pronunciation system, South American English now consists of the largest regional American accent group by a number of speakers. In 2006, Southern accents were strongly reported in all US states in Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Kentucky, as well as most from Texas, and southern Oklahoma, southern Missouri, southeastern Maryland, West Virginia, northern Florida, and southeast of New Mexico. The multiple English accents of Midland America (often identified as South Midland accents ) are documented as sharing the main features with South American English, albeit at a weaker level, including in northern Oklahoma, eastern and central Kansas, Missouri in general, southern parts of Illinois and Indiana, southern Ohio, western Delaware, and central-south Pennsylvania.
South American English as a regional dialect can be divided into various sub-dialects, the most advanced phonologically (ie, the most innovative) being the southern varieties of English Appalachian and certain varieties of Texan English. African-American English has many common points with the South American English dialect because of the strong historical ties from African Americans to the South. Recently, the Southern accent has subsided, especially among young people and in urban areas.
Video Southern American English
Geography
These dialects are collectively known as the expanse of South American English throughout the southeastern and south-central United States, but excludes southernmost Florida and the extreme west and south west of Texas and the Rio Grande Valley (Laredo to Brownsville). These linguistic areas include Alabama, Georgia, Tennessee, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Louisiana, and Arkansas, as well as most from Texas, Virginia, Kentucky, Oklahoma, West Virginia, and northern and central Florida. South American English dialects can also be found in the extreme south of Missouri, Maryland, Delaware, and Illinois.
The southern dialect is largely derived from a mixture of immigrants from the British Isles, who moved to South America in the 17th and 18th centuries, and the creole or post-creole speech of African slaves. Upheavals such as the Great Depression, Dust Bowl and World War II caused their mass migrations and other settlers across the United States.
Maps Southern American English
Modern phonology
Southern South America underwent some major sound changes from early to mid-20th century, where a more unified sound system throughout the developing region, was very different from the Southern 19th century dialect sound system.
South
ANAE identifies the "Southern Outback" as a large Southern linguistic area located mostly in southern Appalachia (specifically referring to Greenville SC, Asheville NC, Knoxville and Chattanooga TN, and Birmingham and Linden AL), inland from the Gulf and Atlantic Coast, and the home of Southern Vowel Shift. The Inland South, along with "Texas South" (Central Texas urban core: Dallas, Lubbock, Odessa, and San Antonio) are considered to be two major locations where the Southern regional sound system is the most developed, and therefore the core area of ​​the South current as a dialect region.
The Texas accent is actually diverse, for example with an important Spanish influence on vocabulary; However, many countries remain an unambiguous area in modern South rhetoric, strongest in the cities of Dallas, Lubbock, Odessa, and San Antonio, all of which firmly point to the first phase of the Southern Shift, if not the further stages of the shift. Cities in Texas that are plainly "non-South" in dialect are Abilene and Austin; just a few South are Houston, El Paso, and Corpus Christi. In west and north Texas, the cot-caught merger is very close to completion. Atlanta, Charleston, and Savannah
The North American Atlas of England identified Atlanta, Georgia, as "the island of speech of a non-southern dialect"; Charleston, South Carolina, too, as "have no Southern character"; and traditional accents related to Savannah, Georgia, because it recently "gave way to regional patterns", even though these are the three prominent southern cities. The modern Atlanta dialect feature is best described as sporadic from speaker to speaker, with an increased variation due to the large movement of non-southerners into the city during the 1990s. Modern Charleston and Savannah speakers have been flattened toward the more common Midland accent accent, away from the now-defunct traditional Lowcountry accents that span the two cities, whose features are already "secretly opposed to Southern Shift... and different in many another thing from the main body of Southern dialect ". The subsequent vocal voices of modern Atlanta, Charleston, and Savannah are unaffected by southern dialect phenomena such as Southern Southern and Southern Vowel Shift accents:
- as in bad (the default "General" nasal short a system is in use, where /ÃÆ'Â|/ is stretched just before /n/ or /m/).
- as in bide (however, some Atlanta and Savannah speakers perform various shows Southern /a ?/ sliding down).
- as in feed .
- as in bed .
- as in bid .
- as in beads .
- as in buy (derived, as in most of the US, and close to [? ~ ?] ; cot merger-caught most of the transition phase in these cities).
Today, Atlanta, Charleston and Savannah accents are most similar to Midland accents or at least Southeast super-regional accents. In all three cities, some speakers (although most consistently documented in Charleston and most consistently in Savannah) show the southeast front of the and the pin-pen merging status vary widely. Non-rhoticity ( r -dropping) is now rare in these cities, but is still documented in some speakers.
Southern Louisiana
Southern Louisiana, as well as some southeastern Texas (Houston to Beaumont), and coastal Mississippi, displaying a number of dialects influenced by other languages ​​outside English. Most of the southern Louisiana form the Acadiana, dominated for hundreds of years by the French speakers of Cajun, who combine elements of French Acadian with other French and Spanish words. This French dialect is spoken by many of the older members of the Cajun tribe and is said to be dying. A related language called Louisiana Creole French also exists.
Southern Louisiana English is mainly known for its unique vocabulary; long sandwiches are often called poor boys or po/boys, woodlice/roly-polies called doodle bugs, a bread end called < I> nose , and pedestrian islands and median strips are both referred to as neutral ground .
Acadiana
From the early 1900s, the Cajun in southern Louisiana, though monolingual French speakers, began to develop their own vernacular English, which retained some of the influence and words of the French Acadian/Cajun language, such as "cher" or " nonc "(uncle). This dialect no longer became fashionable after World War II, but experienced a renewal of mainly male speakers born since the 1970s, most in demand by, and the greatest admirer for, the successful Cajun cultural revival. Speakers from the English Cajun Vernacular point out these key features, among many others:
- Non-rhoticity (or r -dropping), for the most part.
- High nasalization, even in vowels before the nasal consonant.
- Removal of any final consonant of the word: An example is that hand becomes [hÃÆ'Â|?] , food to [fu:] , rent to [???] , New York to [nu'j ??] , etc.
- Universal glide weakening: The special glide attenuation process is common in the South for certain glides vocals; however, Cajun English is different in every English vowel letter subject to attenuation or removal of the glide. For example, /o?/ (as in Joe ), /e?/ (as in jay ), and /??/ (as in joy ) has slightly or completely reduced the glides: [o:] , [e:] , and [?:] , respectively.
- Merge Cot-caught into [a] .
New Orleans (Yat)
One historical English dial spoken only by people raised in the Greater New Orleans area is non-rhotic and has significantly more pronunciation (due to a very strong historical bond) with a New York accent than with any other Southern accent. At least since the 1980s, this local New Orleans dialect is popularly called "Yat", from a common local greeting "Where are you at?". The New York City English features shared with this dialect include:
- Non-rhoticity.
- Short- a separate system (so bad and return , for example, has a different vowel).
- as high, often with glide [??] .
- as round [?: ~ ?:] .
- Coil-curl merger (traditionally, though now declining).
Yat also has no distinctive vocal changes from Southern Shift and pin-pen incorporation commonly heard elsewhere throughout the South. Yat is associated with lower middle and lower middle class, although the spectrum with fewer Yat features often sounds higher socioeconomic status of a person; The prosperity of New Orleans is associated with New Orleans Uptown and Garden District, and the pattern of speech is sometimes regarded as a separate variation of the Yat dialect.
In addition, many unique terms such as "neutral ground" for median divided roads (Louisiana/Southern Mississippi) or "sidewalks" for sidewalks (Louisiana south/east Texas) are found in New Orleans and elsewhere on the Louisiana coast.
Old phonology
Before becoming a region of phonological dialects, the South was once home to a much more diverse accent at the local level. The deeper interior features of Appalachian South largely form the basis for the newer Southern regional dialect; thus, older South American English mainly refers to English used outside Appalachia: coastal areas and former plantations in the South, best documented before the Civil War, in decline during the early 1900s, and essentially nonexistent speakers born since the Civil Rights Movement.
A little united in this older Southern dialect, because they never form a single homogeneous dialect region to begin with. Some of the older southern accents are rhotic (most powerful in Appalachia and western Mississippi), whereas the majority are non-rhotic (strongest in plantation areas); However, there is wide variation. Some of the older Southern accents show (or are approached) Phase 1 of the Southern Vowel Shift - that is, the attenuation of the glide - however, hardly reported before the 1800s. In general, the older Southern dialect obviously lacks Mary-married-carefree, cot-caught, horse-rasping, wine-whining, fool-filled, fill-feel, and do-dew merger, all of which are now common to, limits, all varieties of South American English today. Older Southern sound systems include local ones to:
- Southern Plantation (Black Belt not including Lowcountry): phonologically marked with glide weakening, non-rhoticity (for some accents, including coil-curl incorporation), and Southern trap-bath split (version of a unique split-trap shower for an older South American speech that causes words like lass [? ÃÆ'Â| s ~? ÃÆ'Â|? ÃÆ'Â|s] not rhymes with words like pass [p? ÃÆ'Â|es] ).
- Eastern and central Virginia (often identified as "Tidewater accent"): further marked by Canadian enhancement and some heritage resistance to the incorporation of veins.
- Lowcountry (from South Carolina and Georgia; often identified as a traditional Charleston accent): marked with no glide, non-rhoticity (including coil-curl incorporation), Southern trap-bath split , Canadian raising, merger of cheer-chair, pronounced as [e (?)] , and is pronounced as [o (?)] .
- Outer Banks and Chesapeake Bay (often identified as "Hoi Toider accent"): marked with no glide weakening (with on-glide strongly supported, unlike other US dialects), card -cord merger, is pronounced as [a? ~ ÃÆ'¤?] , and up-gliding pure vocals especially before (make fish sound almost like feesh and ash like aysh ). It is the only dialect of the older Southern that still exists on the East Coast, as it passes from generation to generation of island populations who are geographically isolated.
- The Appalachians and the Ozark Mountains: characterized by powerful rhoticity and merging tor-tore-tour (still in the region), Southern trap traps, coupled with the original and most advanced examples of Southern Vowel Shift now define the whole of the South.
Grammar
These grammatical features are an older and newer feature of South American English.
- Usage is done as an additional verb between the subject and the verb in a sentence that conveys the past tense.
- I've told you before.
- The use of done (instead of doing ) as a simple past form do , and similar usage of past participle in a simple place in the past, like visible replaces view as a simple form of view.
- I just do what you do to me.
- I saw it first.
- Other non-standard preterite uses, Like sink as past tense sink , known as a past tense know , selected as past tense select , degraded as tense past lower .
- I know you for a fool as soon as I see you.
- The use of is where is, or another word that sets the past tense to to is .
- You are sitting in that chair.
- Usage is instead of has in perfect construction.
- I've lived here near my whole life.
- The use of multiple capital ( may be, may be, may be, used to be, etc..-- also called "stacking capital") and sometimes even triple its capital involving oughta (like maybe should )
- I might be able to go upstairs.
- I used to do that.
- Use of (a-) fixin 'to , or just "fix to" in the more modern South, to show immediate future action instead of you want , get ready for , or be .
- He's OK to eat.
- They prepare to climb.
- My older English preservation , him, etc. as a reflexive native.
- I am fixing it to paint my drawings.
- He will catch a big one.
- Say this here in this or place , and that there in place that or that .
- It's mine and it's yours.
- Existential This, feature that comes from Central English which can be described as a substitute it because exists when exists >> refers to no physical location, but only for the existence of something.
- This is one of the women living in the city.
- Usage never replaces each .
- Ever'where is the same today.
- Use "up there" in place "there" or "in or in the indicated place", mainly to refer to a very different place, like in "home there". In addition, "there" tends to refer to a third, greater degree of distance beyond the two "here" and "there", indicating that something is way further, and to a lesser extent, in a broad or loose expanse defined , as in the church hymn "When the Rolls are Called Yonder".
Vocabulary
Y'all
All of you are the second person plural and the plural southern plural of the word you . It was originally a contraction - you all - which is rarely used. The term is derived from the modern Southern dialect region and is not found in the older Southern dialect.
Other vocabulary
In the United States, the following vocabulary is mostly unique, or most closely related to, Southern English English:
- Is not means no, no, no, not, not , etc.
- Buggy means
- Bring to also mean to escort or accompany
- Catty-corner is defined located or placed diagonally
- Cool the mound as a synonym for creeps
- Coke means any sweet-smelling soft drinks
- Crawfish means crayfish
- Devil beat his wife to describe the weather phenomenon of the sunshower
- Icing (preferably than frosting , in confectionary sense)
- Ordinary means ugly
- Ornery means grumpy or gloomy (originally from )
- Strong means great in amount or amount (used as an adverb)
- True means very or very (used as an adverb)
- Reckon means to think or to conclude
- Scrolling means a hollow toilet joke
- Slaw as a synonym for coleslaw
- Toboggan means knit hat
- Tote means to bring
- Home means a large, roofed terrace
- Yonder means there
Unique words can occur as non-standard Southern proverbs, especially in the Southern Highlands and Piney Woods, as they sounded yesterday, out, drawing and drowning, as well as participatory forms. like they have taken it, climbed it, blew it up, and drifted . Drug is traditionally a past and participative form of the verb drag .
Relationship to African-American English
The discussion of "Southern Dialect" in the United States is popularly referring to the English varieties spoken by southern White; however, as a geographical term, it may also include dialects developed among other social or ethnic groups in the South, most notably including African-Americans. Today, African-American English (AAE) is a fairly unified English variation spoken by working African and middle-class Americans throughout the United States. The AAE shows a clear relationship with the older and newer Southern dialects, although the exact nature of the relationship is poorly understood. It is clear that AAE is influenced by the older speech patterns of the Southern United States, where Africans and African Americans are held as slaves until the American Civil War. These slaves initially spoke of the diversity of African indigenous languages ​​but took English to communicate with each other, their white teachers, and their white workers and workers often worked closely together. Many AAE features show that it is largely developed from non-standard colonial English dialects (with some AAE features absent from other modern American dialects, but still in certain modern English dialects). However, there is also evidence of the influence of West African languages ​​on AAE's grammar and grammar.
It is uncertain how far the early Southern Southern Southern elements borrowed from early African versus vice versa. Like many English white accents once spoken in the southern estates - namely, Lowcountry, Virginia Piedmont and Tidewater, lower Mississippi Valley, and Western Black Belt - modern mostly AAE accents are mostly non-rhotic (or " r -point "). The presence of non-rhoticity in both black English and the older white English South is not just a coincidence, though, again, which is influenced by unknown dialects. It is better documented, however, that white South people borrow some morphological processes from black South people.
Many of the grammatical features used are similar to those of older Latin American and African Latin American speakers than by contemporary speakers of the same two varieties. Nevertheless, contemporary speakers from both continue to share this unique grammatical feature: "existential it ", double y'all , is is > means is , deletion has and has , them means them , the term < i> fixin 'to , emphasizing the first syllables like hotel or guitar , and more. Both dialects also continue to share this same pronunciation feature: tensing, , upgliding , pin-pen combining, and the most decisive voice from Southern accents today (though rarely documented in older southern accents): glide sliding . However, while this sliding slide has sparked among the elaborately Southern white "Southern Vocal Shift", black speakers in the South and elsewhere on the other side "do not participate or barely participate" in most of these shifts. The AAE speakers also do not precede the initial position of vowels and , thus aligning these characteristics more with the white man's speech in the nineteenth century than the twentieth-century white South.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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