Atmosphere-tense-aspect , usually abbreviated tam and also called tense aspects of modalities or tma , is a grammatical system of languages ​​that includes a tense expression (location in time), aspects (time structure - a block of time, a continuous flow of time, or recurring events), and mood or modalities (level of need, obligation, probability, ability). In some languages, evidence (whether there is evidence for that statement, and if so) and wonders may also be included.
This term is convenient because it is often difficult to decipher the features of this language. Often any two tense, aspect, and atmosphere (or third) can be delivered by a single grammatical construction, but this system may be incomplete as not all combinations may have available construction. In other cases there may be no clear category of tension and mood, or aspect and mood.
For example, many Indo-European languages ​​do not clearly distinguish tense in terms. In several languages, such as Spanish and Modern Greek, imperfect aspects are combined with the past tense in a form that is traditionally called imperfect. Other languages ​​with different past imperfections include Latin and Persian.
In traditional grammatical descriptions of several languages, including English, many Roman languages, and Greek and Latin, "tense" or equivalent terms in the language refers to a set of inflectional or periphrastic verb forms expressing a combination of tension, aspect, and atmosphere heart. In Spain, simple conditionals (Spanish: condicional simple) are classified as one simple word form (Spanish: tiempos simples ), but named for the mood (conditional) it discloses. In Ancient Greek, the perfect word form (Ancient Greek: ???????????????? , translit.Ã, "title =" Transliteration of Ancient Greek "> khrÃÆ'³nos parakeÃÆ'menos ) is a set of expressions that express the present tense and perfect aspects, or the perfect aspect (form unlimited).
Not all languages ​​combine tension, aspect, and mood. However, some analytical languages ​​such as creole have separate grammar markers for tense, aspect, and/or mood, which are close to ideal theoretical differences.
Video Tense-aspect-mood
Creoles
Creoles, both Atlantic and non-Atlantic, tend to share a large number of syntactic features, including bound morpheme avoidance. Tension, aspect, and mood are usually marked with separate invariant pre-verbal aides. Usually unmarked verbs are used either for perennial habits or stative aspects or a perfect combination of tension-side aspects. In general, creole tends to be less emphasizing on tense tagging than on marking aspects. Typically unregistered undersigned stative verbs may be marked with an anterior tense, and non-indigenous, with or without anterior markers, may optionally be marked for progressive, custom, or settlement aspects or for an irrealist atmosphere. In some anterior creoles can be used to mark the counterfactual. When one of the tense, aspect, and modalities is specified, they are usually shown separately with the invariant pre-verbal marker in the anterior relative sequence (before the time is focused on), irrealist mode (conditional or future), not timely aspects.
Hawaiian Creole English
Hawaiian Creole English (HCE), or Hawaiian Pidgin, is a creole language with most of the vocabulary extracted from its superstrate English, but because all its grammatical creoles are very different from the superstrate. The verb HCE has only two distinct morphological forms: an unmarked form (eg the "take") and a progressive form with the -di suffix added to the unmarked form < i> teikin "take"). The past is indicated either by the unmarked form or by the preverbal auxiliary wen ( Ai, see om "I see it") or bin (especially between older speakers) or haed (especially on Kauai). However, to "say" the past tense marked has an irregularly compulsory form sed "said", and there is an optional strained form of irregular sin or view = wen si "view", keim = karen "coming", and toll = < i> wen tel "told". The past is only indicated once in a single sentence because it is a relative form.
Future markers are preverbal auxiliary gon or goin "am/is/are going to": gon bai "will buy". The future of tense/past aspects uses the shape of the future because the use of the past tense to mark the perspective time retains its effect throughout the rest of the sentence: Da gai sed hi gon fiks mi ap ("The man said he would fix me" ).
There are various preventive capital aids: kaen "can", worthy "want", gata "must", haeftu "should", baeta "better", sapostu "am/is/should". The tense marker is rarely used before the mode: gon kaen kam "will be able to come". Waz "is" can show past tense before future marker gon and capital sapostu : Ai waz gon weits lift "I will lift the load"; Ai waz sapostu go "I should go".
There is a preverbal auxiliary yustu for the past tense habits aspect: yustu tink so ("used to think so"). The progressive aspect can be marked with auxiliary ste in place or next to the verbal suffix -di : Wat yu ste it? = Wat yu itin? ("What do you eat?"); Wi ste mekin da plaen ("We are making a plan"). The latter form, labeled double, tends to imply the temporary nature of the action. Without the suffix, ste can alternatively show the perfect aspect: Ai ste kuk da stu awredi ("I've cooked the stew"); this is true, for example, after capital: Maps Tense-aspect-mood
Modern Greek
Modern Greece distinguishes the perfect and imperfect aspect by the use of two different verb stems. For an imperfect aspect, suffixes are used to denote a past tense indicative atmosphere, a non-tense indicative mood, and a subjunctive and imperative mood. For the perfect aspect, suffixes are used to indicate a past tense indicative atmosphere, subjunctive mood, and imperative mood. Perfect subtitles are twice as common as the imperfect subjunctive. The subjunctive forms of mood are used in the dependent clause and in situations where English will use infinitive (which is not in Greek).
There is a perfect form in both forms of the word, which is expressed by the inflection form of an imperfect auxiliary verb ??? "Got" and an invariant verb form derived from the perfect stem of the main verb. The perfect shape is much rarer than in English. The perfect non-past form is not a real perfect aspect because it does not imply relevance that is present but only actions in the past, such as in French or Italian.
In addition, all basic forms (past and past, imperfect and perfect) can be combined with particles that indicate future/conditional moods. Combined with non-past forms, it reveals an imperfect future and a perfect future. Combined with the imperfect past is used to show conditionality, and with a perfect past to show conclusions. If future particles predate the present perfect form, the perfect shape of the future.
Slavic languages ​​
In all Slavic languages, most verbs are paired with one member that shows an imperfect aspect and the other shows the perfect aspect.
Russian
Most Russian verbs are in pairs, one with an imperfect aspect and the other with the perfect aspect, the latter usually formed from the first with the prefix but occasionally with stem changes or using different roots. The perfect verb, whether derived or grounded, can be made imperfect with the suffix. Every aspect has a past and a non-past form. Non-past verb forms are conjugated by the person/number, while the past verb form is conjugated by sex/number. The current shape is indicated by an imperfect form in the past. The future in the perfect aspect is expressed by applying the present-day conjugation to the perfect version of the verb. There is also an imperfect form of the future which consists of the future of "being" plus the infinitive of the imperfect verb.
The conditional atmosphere is expressed by a particle (= English "will") after the form of the past tense. There is a conjugate capital verb, followed by infinitive, for obligations, needs, and possibilities/permissions.
Roman language
The language of romance has five to eight simple forms induced capture of atmosphere-tense-aspect, as well as a composite structure that brings together simple forms of "possess" or "being" with a past participle. There are different aspects of perfect/imperfect.
French
France has different imperative, imperative, indicative and conditional forms. As in English, conditional mood forms can also be used to denote a combination of tense aspects-the future aspect seen from the past in an indicative atmosphere. The subjunctive heart shape is often used to express doubt, desire, demand, etc. In a dependent clause. There are indicative mood forms for, in addition to the future use as seen from the use of conditional form, the following combinations: the future; a tense combination-an imperfect past tense whose form can also be used in the "if" clause with the current reference; a combination of a perfect tense-side pattern whose shape is only used for literary purposes; and the catch-all formulation known as the "now" form, which can be used to express current historical events, past, or near future. All synthetic forms are also marked for people and numbers.
In addition, the indicative atmosphere has five compound verb forms (two words), each of which results from the use of one of the simplest forms of "to have" (or from "being" for intransitive motion verbs) plus past participle. These forms are used to shift the time of an event relative to the time from which the event was viewed. The perfect form as applied to the present tense does not represent the perfect tense/aspect, but rather describes a combination of the perfect tense-side aspect (the previous action is seen as a whole).
Unlike Italy or Spain, France does not mark a sustainable aspect. So, "I do it" and "I do it" both translate into the same sentence in French: Je le fais . However, this information is often clear from the context, and when it does not, it can be delivered using periphrasis: for example, the expression ÃÆ'ªtre en train de [faire quelque choose] ("being in the middle [doing something]" ) are often used to convey a sense of ongoing aspects.
Italy
Italy has synthetic forms for indicative, imperative, conditional, and subjunctive moods. Conditional mood form can also be used to hear: Secondo lui, sarebbe tempo in andare "According to him, this is the time to go". The indicative atmosphere has simple forms (one word, but conjugated by people and numbers) for the present, the imperfect aspects of the past tense, the perfect aspect of the past, and the future (and future forms can also be used to express probabilities right now, as in English "It's going to rain now"). As with other Roman languages, compound verbs that shift action to the past from the time point it considers can be formed by preceding a past participle by a conjugated simple form of "to have", or "to be" in the case of an intransitive verb. Like French, this form when applied to the current form of "possessing" or "being" does not convey the perfect aspect but the perfect aspect of the past. In pluperfect compounds, the verb helps in imperfective forms of the past in the main clause but in perfect form in the past in the dependent clause.
Unlike France, Italy has a form to express the progressive aspect: either current or imperfect past, the verb sees ("standing", "for a while") conjugated to the person and the number followed by the gerund now (indicated by the suffix -ando or -endo ("-ing")).
Portuguese
Portuguese has synthetic forms for the indicative, imperative, conditional, and subjunctive atmosphere. Conditional mood shapes can also reveal the probabilities of the past: Seria ele que falava "This will be the one who is speaking". The subjunctive form seldom appears outside the dependent clause. In indicative, there are five one-word words that are conjugated to people and numbers: one for the present time (which can indicate progressive or non-progressive aspects); one for the perfect aspect of the past; one for the imperfect aspects of the past; forms for pluperfect aspects that are only used in formal writing; and future tense forms which, as in Italian, can also show present tense combined with probabilistic modalities.
Like other Roman languages, compound verbs that change the action time to the relative past to the time from which it is perceived can be formed by preceding a past participle with a conjugated simple form of "to have". Using the past tense of the verb helps to provide the form of pluperfect used in the conversation. Using the present tense form of the verb helps to provide the correct perfect aspect, even though someone whose scope is narrower than that in English: This refers to events that occurred in the past and extends to the present, as in Tem feito muito frio este inverno ("This winter is very cold (and still exists)").
The Portuguese language expresses the progressive aspect of any form by using estar ("to stand", "for awhile"), plus the present participle ending with -ando , -endo , or indo : Estou escrevendo uma carta ("I am writing a letter").
Openness can be expressed in three ways other than the simple form of the future: use the current tense "to go" as in Vou ver JoÃÆ'Â o esta tarde "I_go to_see John this afternoon"; using the current tense form of a verb meaning "to have" as in Temos que ver JoÃÆ' Â £ o hoje "We have it to see John today"; and use the current verb form from another verb which also means "to have" as in Hey-de ver JoÃÆ' Â o o amanhÃÆ' Â £ "I have to attend John tomorrow".
Spanish
Spanish morphologically distinguishes indicative, imperative, subjunctive, and conditional moods. In the indicative mood, there is a synthetic form (one word, conjugate for person/number) for the present time form, the past form in the imperfect aspect, the past form in the perfect aspect, and the tense future. The past can be seen from a certain time perspective by using a conjugate "to have" in its synthetic forms as well as past participle. When this compound form is used with the present tense form of "to have", perfect tense/aspect (past action with continuity or relevance now) is delivered (as in Portuguese but unlike in Italian or French).
Spanish expresses progressive resemblance to English, Italian and Portuguese, using the verb "to" plus the present participle: estoy leyendo "I read".
Germanic
Germanic languages ​​tend to have two simple, morphologically distinct forms, both past and past, as well as compound construction for the past or for the perfect, and they use verbal aids. Simple forms, the first part of the form of non-modal compounds, and perhaps modal auxiliaries, are usually conjugated to people and/or numbers. A subjunctive heart shape is sometimes present. English also has compound construction for sustainable aspects. Unlike some Indo-European languages ​​like Roman and Slavic, Germanic does not have a perfect/imperfect dichotomy.
German
The most common past tense constructions in Germany are haben ("have") plus the past participle (or for motion intransitive verbs, sein ("to") plus past participle) form, which is a pure past construction rather than conveying the perfect aspect. The progressive past is conveyed by a simple past form. The future can be conveyed by a werden auxiliary, which is conjugated to persons and numbers; but often a simple non-past form is used to convey the future. Modality is conveyed through conjugated pre-verbal words: mÃÆ'¼ssen "should", wollen "want", kÃÆ'¶nnen "to be able to "; wÃÆ'¼rden "will be" (conditional), sollten "supposed" (sirken ), sollen ", mÃÆ'¶gen " likes ", dÃÆ'¼rfen " is allowed ".
Danish
Denmark possesses the first tense forms of tempo and the simplest forms of old German templates and plural constructs using "to have" (or for intransitive verbs of motion, "to"), compound constructs showing past aspects rather than perfect. The future is usually expressed in a simple unusual form, but additional mode of vil ("wish") and scal ("must" - obligation) is sometimes used (see Future tense # Danish). Other modalities include kan ("can"), kan gerne ("allowed" - permission), mÃÆ'  ¥ ("must"), and mÃÆ'  ¥ gerne ("can - permit).Progressivity can be expressed periphrastis as in er ved in lÃÆ'Â|se (" being in_process to read "), > er i fÃÆ'Â|rd med in vaske ("is in the process of washing"), sidder og lÃÆ'Â|ser ("sit and read"), and stÃÆ'  ¥ r og taler ("stand and speak"). The subjunctive heart shape has disappeared except for some stock phrases.
Dutch
A simple non-past form can convey progressive, which can also be expressed by infinitives preceded by liggen "lies", lopen "walking, running", staan ​​â € <Â € < "stand up", or marry "sit" plus te . The compound "has" (or "becomes" before the verb intransitive movement toward a particular destination) plus the past participle is identical to, and more often used than, a simple past form, used primarily to tell the sequence of past events. The perfect construction of the past is analogous to it in English.
Wealth is often expressed with a simple non-past form, but can also be expressed using infinitives preceded by the present tense conjugate of zullen ; the latter form can also be used for probabilistic modalities in the present. The future can also be expressed with "go" plus infinitives: Hij gaat een schrijven short "He wrote a letter to write", "He will write a letter". The perfect combination of tense/future aspects is formed by the conjugation of zullen hebben ("has") (or zijn ("to")) past participle: Zij zullen naar Breda gijaan zijn ("They will go to Breda").
Conditional atmosphere construction using conjugated past patterns of zullen : Hij zou graag thuis blijven "He will happily go home to_stay", "He will gladly stay home". The combination of a tense/conditional mood was then formed using an additional "to have" or "to be": Hij zou graag thuis gebleven zijn "He will gladly live in a tobe home", "He will happy to stay home ". In contemporary use the subjunctive form is largely, but not entirely, limited to arranging semi-fixed phrases and expressions, although in older Dutch texts the use of subjunctive forms can often be encountered.
There are many conjoined capital assistants: kunnen "to be able to", moeten "must", mogen "be possible" or "to have permission" , willen "wants", latent "to allow" or "cause". Unlike in English, these modals can be combined with future tense forms: Hij zal ons niet kunnen helpen "He will not be our to_be_able to_help", "He will not be able to help us".
Iceland
Like other Germanic languages, Iceland has two simple verb forms: past and past. Compound constructs that look to the past from a certain time perspective use the conjugate "to have" (or "be" for intransitive motion verbs) plus the past participle. In every voice there are forms for the indicative mood and subjunctive mood for each of the simple past, the simple, perfect past, the perfect past, the future, and the perfect future, and there are past conditions that do not there is. mood form and conditional mood shape of the past, as well as an urgent mood. The perfect form is used for past events with reference to current or stretching into the present, or for past events about existing doubts, so that the perfect form represents the aspect or the modalities and not tense. Future tense forms are rarely used. Obsolete forms of subjunctive express desire or command; Past subjunctive forms reveal the possibility. An indicative mood form is used in both "if [possible situations]... then..." clauses, although "if" can be replaced by the use of a subjunctive heart shape. The subjunctive form is used in both clauses "if [imaginary situation]... then..." sentence, and is often used in subordinate clauses. There are various auxiliary modal verbs. There is a progressive construction using "being" which is only used for abstract concepts such as "learning" and not for activities such as "sitting": ÃÆ' Â © g er aÃÆ' Â ° lÃÆ'Â|ra "I [at] learning ".
English
English allows a wide range of expressions of tense combinations, aspects, and moods, with a variety of grammatical constructions. This construction involves pure morphological changes (internal sounds and alterations of verbs), combined verb verbs, and invariant helpers. For English tam from a modality perspective, see Palmer; and Nielsen for English tam from a tense perspective, see Comrie and Fleischman; for English tam from an aspect perspective, see Comrie.
Unmarked verb
Unmarked verb forms (as in run , feel ) are infinitive with the to particles being omitted. This shows nonpast tense without capital implications. In an inherently stative verb like feeling , it can show the current time ( I feel good ) or the future in the dependent clause ( I will come tomorrow if I feel better ). In an inherent non-stative verb like run , an unmarked form can indicate a gnomic or habitual situation ( flight bird, I run every day ) or scheduled futurity, often with readings habits ( tomorrow I run a 100-meter race at 5:00, next month I run a 100-meter race every day ). Non-stative verbs in unmarked form appearing in the dependent clause can indicate even an unscheduled future ( I'll feel better after I run tomorrow I'll feel better if I run every day next month ).
An unnamed verb is negotiable by preceding with do/does ( I do not feel good , He does not walk every day ). Here do have no implications of emphasis, unlike affirmative ( I feel better , I run daily ).
Morphological changes
The past and modally unmarked time form is usually marked for strain by suffix - ed , pronounced as /t/, /d/, or /? d/ depending on the phonological context. However, over 400 verbs (including more than 200 with different roots - short verbs for daily life features, Germanic origin) are irregular and their morphological changes are internal (as in take, I take ). (See List of irregular English verbs.) This unmarked past form appears in a truly stative verb ("I feel bad.") And in a non-stative verb, in this case it could be ("I took one brownie every day last week.") or perfect ("I took brownies yesterday."), but not progressive.
This form is negated with an invariant analytical construct using an unmarked morphological verb ( I/he does not feel bad , I do not take brownies ). As with do and no , no emphasis is given by using doing in combination with negative not (Compare affirmative I/she picked up the brownie , where did delivered the emphasis).
For morphological changes associated with subjunctive moods, see English subjunctive.
Compound verb
There are two types of conjugate verbs in English, which can be combined.
- Construction "has/has" verbs change morphologically (usually with the suffix - "ed") indicates a tense combination and aspects: For example, "have taken" the present from past or past events and now , so the ongoing relevance of the event is a feature aspect of the construction. Past events may be stative, custom, or perfect, but not progressive.
- Next, the self-viewing time can be placed in the past, by replacing have/own with has : been retrieved shows the previous vision of an event before viewing.
- Verb ed constructs have been omitted by entering ed between two words of affirmative ( has/has not/not been retrieved ).
- The "am/is/are" verb - ing construction shows the present tense combined with the progressive aspect if the verb is natively non-stative, as in "I take it," or combined with aspects congenital innate, as in "I feel better." For some stative verbs like feeling , innate default properties can be unmarked, so a simple verb form is used ( I feel better ), or can be flagged (as in I feel better ) without any difference in meaning. For some others, however, either the unmarked form should be used ( I know French , but not * I know French ) or the marked form should be used ( I am bored , i am basking in glory , but i do not experience boredom or enjoy the glory , which will imply the use of verbs non-stative (customs only)).
- verb ing construction is disabled by inserting not between the two affirmative words ( I/is/is not taking ).
- The two forms above can be combined, to show the current or past views of previous (or previous and current) events occurring with stative or progressive aspects ("I have/feel good," "I have/have taken classes"); here the construction is "has/has/already" "already" the main verb - "ing". There is a subtle difference in the use between cases where the viewpoint from now and the case where it is from a point in the past: has taken the class implies that action not only present relevance but continues to occur; In contrast, has taken the class indicates the relevance of the reference time, and allows but does not require action to still occur ( I have taken the class but do not keep doing it i>; has taken classes and still ).
- This merged form is negated by entering not after have/has/had ( I have not taken classes ).
- Nominal TAM
- Screeve - Similar concept in Kartvelian.
These two morphological changes can be combined with the compound verbal constructs given below involving the invariant helpers, to form a verb phrase like to take .
Invariant invariant
Although some verbal categories are expressed purely morphologically in the Basque, periphrastic verbal formations predominate. For some verbs that have synthetic conjugations, the Basque has a form for the tense continuous aspects of the past (state or action in progress) and presents a tense aspect continuously, as well as an imperative mood.
In compound verbal construction, there are forms for indicative atmosphere, conditional mood, mood for conditional probability ("to be able"), important mood, ambience of ability or possibility, mood for hypothetical "if" clauses in the present or the future, the counterfactual atmosphere of the past tense, and the subjunctive mood (used mostly in literary style in complementing clauses and objective clauses). In the indicative mood, there are tense forms of tense present form (which can also be used with static verbs), past custom habits (which can also be used with static verbs), past tense forms, distant past tense (which also can be used to convey past perspectives on previous situations or events), future-in-the-past forms (which can also be used modally for conjecture about the past or as a conditional result of the counterfactual premise), and future tense forms which can also be used for current alleged modalities, especially with stative lexic verbs, or determination/intentions).
There are also some constructs that show greater levels of periphrasis: one for the progressive aspect and which for the willingness (wants), the need/obligation ("must", "need"), and the ability ("capable").
Hawaii
The Hawaiian language is an isolating language, so its verbal grammar is exclusively dependent on the unconjugated auxiliary verb. It has both indicative and imperative mood forms, the imperative shown by e verb (or in negative words by mai verb). In the indicative forms of tension/aspect are: unmarked (used in general and for the aspects of habits and perfect aspects for the past), verbs (perfect aspect, but often replaced with unmarked marks ) form), to verb nei (current tense progressive aspect, very often used), and e verbs ana (imperfect aspect, especially for absent time).
Modality is declared non-grammatically in Hawaii: Pono conveys obligations/obligations as in He pono i na kamali'i pau e hala , , "This is appropriate for children all to be careful "," All children must/must be careful "; This ability is delivered by hiki as in hiki i keia kamali'i to heluhelu "Has enabled this child to read", "This child can read".
See also
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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