Windows 2000 (codenamed NT 5.0) is the operating system for use on both client and server computers. It was produced by Microsoft and released to manufacturing on December 15, 1999, and was released to retail on February 17, 2000. It is the successor of Windows NT 4.0, and is the latest version of Microsoft Windows to display the "Windows NT" designation. It was replaced by Windows XP (released in October 2001) and Windows Server 2003 (released in April 2003). During development, Windows 2000 is known as Windows NT 5.0.
Four editions of Windows 2000 released: Professional , Server , Advanced Server , and Datacenter Server ; the latter released to manufacturing and launched several months after the other editions. While each edition of Windows 2000 is targeted at different markets, they share a set of core features, including many system utilities such as Microsoft Management Console and standard system administration applications.
Windows 2000 introduces NTFS 3.0, Encrypting File System, as well as basic and dynamic disk storage. Support for disabled people is enhanced through Windows NT 4.0 with a number of new help technologies, and Microsoft increases support for different languages ​​and local information. The Windows 2000 Server family has additional features including the ability to provide Active Directory services.
Windows 2000 can be installed through manual or unattended installations. Unattended installations depend on the use of an answer file to fill installation information, and can be done via a bootable CD using Microsoft System Management Server, by System Setup Tool.
Microsoft sold Windows 2000 as the most secure version of Windows at the time; However, it became the target of a number of high profile virus attacks such as Code Red and Nimda. During the ten years after its release, it continues to receive patches for security vulnerabilities almost every month until it reaches the end of its life cycle on July 13, 2010.
Video Windows 2000
History
Windows 2000 is a continuation of the Microsoft Windows NT family operating system, replacing Windows NT 4.0. The original name for the operating system was Windows NT 5.0 and Beta 1 released in September 1997, followed by Beta 2 in August 1998. On October 27, 1998, Microsoft announced that the name of the last version of the operating system was Windows 2000, on the projected release date. Windows 2000 Beta 3 was released in January 1999. NT 5.0 Beta 1 is similar to NT 4.0, including very similarly themed logos. NT 5.0 Beta 2 introduces a new 'mini' boot screen, and removes the 'dark space' theme in the logo. The NT 5.0 beta has very long startup and shutdown sounds, although this has been changed at the start of Windows 2000 beta, but during Beta 3, new piano startup and shutdown sounds are made, displayed in the final version as well as in MY Windows. The new entry request from the final version made its first appearance in Beta 3 build 1946 (first build Beta 3). Newly updated icons (for My Computer , Recycle Bin etc) first appeared in Beta 3 build 1976. Windows 2000 boot screen in the final version first appeared in Beta 3 build 1994. Windows 2000 does not have a codename because, according to Dave Thompson of the Windows NT team, "Jim Allchin does not like the code name".
Windows 2000 Service Pack 1 is named "Asteroid" and Windows 2000 64-bit is codenamed "Janus." During development, there was a build for Alpha that was abandoned some time after RC1 after Compaq announced they had dropped support for Windows NT on Alpha. From here, Microsoft released three release candidates between July and November 1999, and finally released its operating system to partners on December 12, 1999. The public can purchase the full version of Windows 2000 on February 17, 2000. Three days before this event, Microsoft advertised it as "standard in reliability, "a leaked memo from Microsoft reported by Mary Jo Foley revealed that Windows 2000 had" more than 63,000 potential damage known. " After the Foley article was published, he claimed that Microsoft put it in the blacklist for quite a long time. However, Abraham Silberschatz et al. claiming in their computer science textbook that "Windows 2000 is the most reliable and stable operating system Microsoft has ever sent to that point.Most of this reliability comes from maturity in source code, extensive systematic stress testing of the system, and automatic detection of many errors seriously in the driver. "InformationWeek summarizes the release of" our tests show a replacement for NT 4.0 is everything we expected. "Of course, that's not perfect either." Wired News later described the February launch results as "uninspired." Novell criticized Microsoft Active Directory, a new directory services architecture, which is less scalable or reliable than the Novell Directory Services (NDS) alternative.
Windows 2000 was first planned to replace Windows 98 and Windows NT 4.0. However, this changes later. Instead, the latest version of Windows 98 called Windows 98 Second Edition was released in 1999.
On or shortly before 12 February 2004, "part of the Microsoft Windows 2000 and Windows NT 4.0 source code is illegally available on the Internet." The source of the leak has not yet been announced. Microsoft issued the following statement:
"The Microsoft source code is copyrighted and protected as a trade secret, so it is illegal to post it, make it available to others, download it or use it."
Despite warnings, archives containing leaked code are widespread in file-sharing networks. On February 16, 2004, an exploit "allegedly found by an individual who studied leaked source code" for a particular version of Microsoft Internet Explorer was reported.
Microsoft plans to release a 64-bit version of Windows 2000, which will run on the 64-bit Intel Itrock microprocessor, in 2000. However, the first 64-bit edition officially released by Windows is Windows Datacenter Server Limited Edition and then Windows Advanced Server Limited Edition , which is based on a pre-release of Windows Server 2003 (later known as Windows.NET Server codebase This edition was released in 2002, immediately available through an OEM channel and later replaced by the final version of Windows Server 2003. Maps Windows 2000
New and updated features
Windows 2000 introduced many new features from Windows 98 and Windows 98 SE into NT lines, such as Windows Desktop Update, Internet Explorer 5 (Internet Explorer 6, which came in 2001, is also available for Windows 2000), Outlook Express, NetMeeting, support FAT32, Windows Drive Models, Internet Connection Sharing, Windows Media Player, WebDAV support etc. Certain new features are common across all Windows 2000 editions, including NTFS 3.0, Microsoft Management Console (MMC), UDF support, File System Encryption (EFS), Logical Disk Manager, Color Management Picture 2.0, support for PostScript-based printers 3, OpenType (.OTF) and Type 1 PostScript (. PFB) font support (including new fonts - Palatino Linotype - to display some OpenType features), Data Protection APIs DPAPI), LDAP/Active Directory-enabled Address Book, multi-language and local support and support. Windows 2000 also introduces USB device class drivers for USB printers, class Bulk storage devices, and enhances FireWire SBP-2 support for printers and scanners, along with the Secure Removal applet for storage devices. Windows 2000 is also the first Windows version to support OS-controlled ACPI S4 sleep state unlike Windows 98 which requires special drivers from hardware manufacturers or driver developers.
New capabilities designed to protect critical system files called Windows File Protection were introduced. This protects important Windows system files by preventing programs other than Microsoft's operating system update mechanisms such as Package Installer , Windows Installer and other update components from modifying it. The System Checker System utility provides users with the ability to perform manual scans of the integrity of all protected system files, and optionally fix them, either by recovering from cache stored in a separate "DLLCACHE" directory, or from the initial install media.
Microsoft acknowledges that a serious error (Blue Screen of Death) or a stop error may cause problems for the server to continue running and thus provide system settings that will allow the server to reboot automatically when a stop error occurs. Also included is the option to discard one of the first 64 KB of memory to disk (the smallest amount of memory useful for debugging purposes, also known as minidump), dump only kernel memory, or dump the entire contents of memory onto disk, and write that this event occurs in the Windows 2000 event log. To improve performance on servers running Windows 2000, Microsoft gives administrators the option of optimizing memory patterns and the use of operating system processors for background services or for applications. Windows 2000 also introduces core system administration and management features as Windows Installer, Windows Management Instrumentation and Event Tracing for Windows (ETW) into the operating system.
Plug and Play and improved hardware support
The most notable improvement of Windows NT 4.0 is the addition of Plug and Play with the full support of ACPI and Windows Driver Model. Similar to Windows 9x, Windows 2000 supports automatic recognition of installed hardware, hardware resource allocation, loading of appropriate drivers, PnP APIs, and device notification events. The addition of the PnP Manager kernel along with Power Manager are two subsystems added in Windows 2000.
Windows 2000 introduces version 3 print driver (driver mode mode drivers). The general support for the 5-button mouse is also included as standard and installing IntelliPoint allows the reassignment of programmable buttons. Windows 98 does not have general support. Driver Verifier was introduced to test stress and capture device driver bugs.
Shell
Windows 2000 introduces layered windows that allow transparency, translucency and various transition effects such as shadows, gradient filling and mixed alpha GUI elements into the top-level windows. The menu supports the new fade transition effect Fade .
The Start menu in Windows 2000 introduces the personalized menu , expandable custom folders, and the ability to launch multiple programs without closing the menu by holding the SHIFT key. The Re-sort button forces the entire Start Menu to be sorted by name. Taskbar introduces support for balloon notifications that app developers can also use. Windows 2000 Explorer introduces customizable Windows Explorer toolbar, autocomplete in the Windows Explorer address bar and the Run box, advanced file type association feature, displays comments in shortcuts as tooltips, expandable columns in Detail view (IColumnProvider interface), icon overlays , an integrated search bar in Windows Explorer, sort by name function for menu, and Wara in general dialog for Open and Save .
Windows Explorer has been upgraded in several ways in Windows 2000. This is the first Windows NT release that includes Active Desktop, was first introduced as part of Internet Explorer 4.0 (specifically Windows Desktop Updates), and was only pre-installed on Windows 98 by time. It allows users to customize the way folders look and behave by using HTML templates, having the HTT file extension. This feature is misused by computer viruses that use malicious scripts, Java applets, or ActiveX controls in the folder template file as its infection vector. The two viruses are VBS/Roor-C and VBS.Redlof.a.
The "Web style" folder display, with the left Explorer pane displaying details for currently selected objects, is enabled by default in Windows 2000. For certain file types, such as images and media files, the preview is also displayed in the left pane. Until the special interactive preview pane appears in Windows Vista, Windows 2000 is the only Windows release featuring an interactive media player as a previewer for voice and video files, which is enabled by default. However, such a previewer can be enabled in earlier versions of Windows with Windows Desktop Update installed through the use of customizable folder templates. The default file tooltip displays the title of the file, author, subject and comment; This metadata can be read from a special NTFS stream, if the file is in an NTFS volume, or from a structured storage flow of OLE, if the file is a structured storage document. All Microsoft Office documents since Office 4.0 use structured storage, so their metadata can be displayed in the default Windows 2000 Explorer tooltip. File shortcuts can also save comments displayed as tooltips when the mouse hovers over a shortcut. Shell introduces extended support via metadata handlers, icon overlay handlers and column handlers in Explorer View details .
The right pane of Windows 2000 Explorer, which usually only lists files and folders, can also be customized. For example, the contents of system folders are not displayed by default, but displaying the right pane of a warning to users who alter the contents of system folders may harm their computers. You can specify additional Explorer panels by using the DIV element in the folder template file. This level of customization capabilities is new for Windows 2000; Windows 98 and Desktop Updates can not provide it. The new DHTML-based search panel is integrated into Windows 2000 Explorer, unlike the separate search dialogs found in all previous versions of Explorer. The Indexing Service has also been integrated into the operating system and search panels built into Explorer allow searching of files indexed by the database.
NTFS 3.0
Microsoft released version 3.0 of NTFS (sometimes incorrectly called NTFS 5 in relation to the kernel version number) as part of Windows 2000; this disk quota introduced (provided by QuotaAdvisor), file system level encryption, sparse files and reparse points. Rarely does the file allow for efficient storage of very large data sets but contains many areas with only zeros. The rearse points allow the object manager to reset the namespace file search and let the file system drivers implement transparently changed functions. Reparse points are used to implement volume mount points, junctions, Hierarchical Storage Management, Native Structured Storage, and Single Instance Storage. Volume mount points and junction directories allow a file to be transparently called from one file or directory location to another.
Windows 2000 also introduces the Distributed Link Tracking service to ensure the file shortcuts work even when the target is moved or renamed. The unique identifiers of the target objects are stored in shortcut files in NTFS 3.0 and Windows can use the Distributed Link Tracking service to track the target shortcuts, so that shortcut files can be updated secretly if the target moves, even to another hard drive.
File System Encryption
File System Encryption (EFS) introduces strong file system level encryption to Windows. This allows folders or drives on NTFS volumes to be encrypted transparently by the user. EFS works with EFS services, Microsoft CryptoAPI and EFS File System Runtime Library (FSRTL). Until now, the encryption has not been compromised.
EFS works by encrypting files with mass symmetric keys (also known as File Encryption Key, or FEK), which is used because it takes less time to encrypt and decrypt large amounts of data than if an asymmetric code key is used. The symmetric keys used to encrypt files are then encrypted with the public key associated with the user who encrypts the file, and this encrypted data is stored in the header of the encrypted file. To decrypt a file, the file system uses the user's private key to decrypt the symmetric key stored in the header file. It then uses a symmetric key to decrypt the file. Since this is done at the file system level, it is transparent to the user.
For users losing access to their keys, support for recovery agents that can decrypt files built into EFS. Recovery Agent is a user authorized by a public key recovery certificate to decrypt files belonging to another user using a special private key . By default, local administrators are recovery agents but they can be customized using Group Policy.
Basic and dynamic disk storage
Windows 2000 introduces Logical Disk Manager and diskpart command line tools for dynamic storage. All versions of Windows 2000 support three types of dynamic disk volumes (along with basic disks): simple volume , mapped volume and striped volume :
- Simple volume , volume with disk space of one disk.
- Spanned volume , where up to 32 disks are displayed as one, increasing them in size but not improving performance. When one disk fails, the array is destroyed. Some data can be recovered. This corresponds to JBOD and not to RAID-1.
- Striped volumes , also known as RAID-0, stores all their data across multiple disks in the line . This allows better performance because disk reads and writes balanced across multiple disks. As the volume is spanned, when one disk in the array fails, the entire array is destroyed (some data can be recovered).
In addition to this disk volume, Windows 2000 Server, Windows 2000 Advanced Server, and Windows 2000 Datacenter Server support mirrored volume and volume with parity :
Accessibility
With Windows 2000, Microsoft introduced the Windows 9x accessibility feature for people with visual and hearing impairments and other defects into the NT-line operating system. These include:
- StickyKeys : create modifier keys ( ALT , CTRL and SHIFT ) to "sticky" : the user can press the modifier key, and then release before pressing the combination button. (Enabled by pressing Shift five times quickly.)
- FilterKeys : a bunch of keyboard-related features for people with typing issues, including:
- Slow Button : Ignore non-hold key presses for a specific time period.
- Bounce Button : Ignore repeatedly pressed repeat key presses.
- Repeat Button : allows the user to slow down when the button is repeated via the keyboard repeat feature.
- Toggle Keys : when it is turned on, Windows will play sound when CAPS LOCK , NUM LOCK or SCROLL LOCK key pressed.
- SoundSentry : designed to help users with hearing impairments, Windows 2000 shows visual effects when sound is played through the sound system.
- MouseKeys : lets the user move the cursor around the screen via a numeric keypad.
- SerialKeys : enables Windows 2000 to support sound augmentation devices.
- High contrast themes : to help blind users.
- Microsoft Magnifier : a screen magnifier that magnifies the cursor part of the screen has ended.
In addition, Windows 2000 introduces the following new accessibility features:
- On-screen keyboard : displays a virtual keyboard on the screen and lets the user press a key using the mouse or joystick.
- Microsoft Narrator : introduced in Windows 2000, this is a screen reader that uses Speech API 4, which will later be updated into Speech API 5 in Windows XP
- Utility Manager: an application designed to start, stop, and manage when accessibility features begin. This was eventually replaced in Windows Vista with Access Ease Center.
- Accessibility Wizard: a control panel applet that helps users set up their computers for people with disabilities.
Language and local
Windows 2000 introduces the Multilingual User Interface (MUI). In addition to English, Windows 2000 combines support for Arabic, Armenian, Baltic, Central European, Cyrillic, Georgian, Greek, Hebrew, Indian, Japanese, Korean, Simplified Chinese, Thai, Traditional Chinese, Turkish, Vietnamese and Western European languages. It also has support for many different locales.
Games
Windows 2000 includes version 7.0 DirectX API, commonly used by game developers in Windows 98. The latest version of DirectX supported Windows 2000 is DirectX 9.0c (Shader Model 3.0), which ships with Windows XP Service Pack 2. Microsoft published quarterly updates to DirectX 9.0c through February 2010 release after support rejected in SDK June 2010. This update contains bug fixes to the core runtime and some additional libraries such as D3DX, XAudio 2, XInput, and Managed DirectX components. The majority of games written for the DirectX 9.0c version (until release February 2010) can run on Windows 2000.
Windows 2000 includes the same games as Windows NT 4.0: FreeCell, Minesweeper, Pinball, and Solitaire.
System utility
Windows 2000 introduces the Microsoft Management Console (MMC), which is used to create, store, and open administrative tools. Each of these is called console , and most allow administrators to manage other Windows 2000 computers from one centralized computer. Each console can contain one or more specific administrative tools, called snap-in . This can be either stand-alone (with one function), or extension (add functionality to an existing snap-in). To provide the ability to control what snap-in can be viewed in the console, MMC allows the console to be created in author mode or user mode . The author mode allows a snap-in to be added, a new window to be created, all parts of the console tree to be displayed and the console to be saved. User mode allows the console to be distributed with applied restrictions. The user mode console can give users full access to any changes, or they can provide limited access, preventing users from adding snapins to the console even though they can see multiple windows in the console. Other users can be granted limited access, prevent them from adding to the console and stop them from viewing multiple windows in a single console.
The main tools that come with Windows 2000 can be found in the Computer Management console (in Administrative Tools in Control Panel). It contains Event Viewer - a means of viewing events and Windows equivalents from log files, system information utilities, backup utilities, Task Scheduler and management console to view shared shared folders and shared folder sessions, configure and manage COM apps, configure Group Policy, manage all users local and user groups, and device managers. It contains the Disk Management and Removable Storage snap-in, disk defragmenter as well as the performance diagnostic console, which displays the system performance graphs and configures the log data and alerts. It also contains a service configuration console, allowing users to view all installed services and stop and start them, and configure what the service should do when the computer starts up. CHKDSK has a significant performance improvement.
Windows 2000 comes with two utilities for editing Windows registry, REGEDIT.EXE and REGEDT32.EXE . REGEDIT has been directly ported from Windows 98, and therefore does not support registry editing permissions. REGEDT32 has some older interface documents (MDI) and can edit registry permissions in the same way as the Windows NT REGEDT32 program can do. REGEDIT has a tree view to the left of the Windows registry, a list of all the nests that are loaded and represents the three components of a value (name, type, and data) as separate columns of a table. REGEDT32 has a left side tree view, but each hive has its own window, so the tree only shows the key and this represents the value as a string list. REGEDIT supports right-clicking entries in the tree view to adjust properties and other settings. REGEDT32 requires all actions performed from the top menu bar. Windows XP is the first system that integrates these two programs into one utility, adopting REGEDIT behavior with additional NT features.
System File Checker (SFC) also comes with Windows 2000. It is a command line utility that scans the system files and verifies whether they are signed by Microsoft and works together with the Windows File Protection mechanism. It can also be refilled and fix all files in the Dllcache folder.
Recovery Console
The Recovery Console is run from outside the installed copy of Windows to perform maintenance tasks that can not be run from it or is feasible to run from another computer or a copy of Windows 2000. Usually used to recover the system from a problem that causes the boot to fail, which will make other tools useless, such as Safe Mode or Last Known Good Configuration, or chkdsk. This includes commands like 'fixmbr', which are not in MS-DOS.
It has a simple command line interface, used to check and repair the hard drive (s), fix boot information (including NTLDR), replace damaged system files with fresh copies of CDs, or enable/disable services and drivers for subsequent boot.
The console can be accessed in one of two ways:
- Boot from a Windows 2000 CD, and choose to start the Recovery Console from the CD itself rather than continuing with the settings. Recovery Console can be accessed as long as the installation CD is available.
- Reinstalling the Recovery Console on your hard disk as a startup option in Boot.ini , via WinNT32.exe, with the/cmdcons switch. In this case, this can only be started as long as NTLDR can boot from the system partition.
Windows Scripting Host 2.0
Windows 2000 introduces Windows Script Host 2.0 which includes an extended object model and support for logon and logoff scripts.
Network
- Starting with Windows 2000, Server Message Block (SMB) protocols directly interact with TCP/IP. In Windows NT 4.0, SMB requires NetBIOS via the TCP/IP (NBT) protocol to work on TCP/IP networks.
- Windows 2000 introduces a client-side DNS caching service. When a Windows DNS resolver receives a query response, a DNS resource record is added to the cache. When the name query records the same resource again and found in the cache, then the resolver does not query the DNS server. It speeds up DNS request time and reduces network traffic.
Family server features
The Windows 2000 server family consists of Windows 2000 Server, Windows 2000 Advanced Server, Windows 2000 Small Business Server, and Windows 2000 Datacenter Server.
All editions of Windows 2000 Server have the following services and features built in:
- Routing and Remote Access Service (RRAS) support, facilitating dial-up and VPN connections using IPsec, L2TP or L2TP/IPsec, support for RADIUS authentication in the Internet Authentication Service, shared network connections, Network Address Translation, unicast and multicast routing schemes.
- Remote access security features: Remote Access Policy for setting, Caller ID verification (IP address for VPN), callback, and Remote access account locking
- The location-based autodial feature uses the Remote Access Auto Connection Manager service
- The Expandable Authentication Protocol Support in IAS (EAP-MD5 and EAP-TLS) is then upgraded to PEAPv0/EAP-MSCHAPv2 and PEAP-EAP-TLS in Windows 2000 SP4
- DNS servers, including support for Dynamic DNS. Active Directory is heavily dependent on DNS.
- IPsec support and TCP/IP filtering
- Smart card support
- Microsoft Connection Manager Administration Kit (CMAK) and Connection Point Services
- Support for distributed file system (DFS)
- Hierarchical Storage Storage Support including remote storage, a service running on NTFS and automatically transferring unused files for some time to cheaper storage media
- Fault tolerant volumes, Mirrored and RAID-5
- Group Policy (part of Active Directory)
- IntelliMirror , a collection of technologies for sound management of Windows 2000 Professional clients that duplicate user data, applications, files, and settings in a centralized location on the network. IntelliMirror uses technologies such as Group Policy, Windows Installer, Roaming profiles, Folder Redirection, Offline File (also known as Client Caching
- COM, Microsoft Transaction Server, and Distributed Transaction Coordinator
- MSMQ 2.0
- BUT 3.0
- Integrated Windows authentication (including Kerberos packages, Secure channels, and SPNEGO (Negotiate) SSP for Security Provider Support Interface (SSPI)).
- MS-CHAP v2 protocol
- Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) and support of Corporate Certificate Authorities
- Terminal Services and support for Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP)
- Internet Information Services (IIS) 5.0 and Windows Media Services 4.1
- Network Service Quality Features
- The Windows Services New Time is an implementation of the Simple Network Time Protocol (SNTP) as described in IETF RFCÃ, 1769. The Windows Time Service syncs the date and time of the computer in a domain that is running on Windows 2000 Server or which is newer. Windows 2000 Professional includes a SNTP client.
The Server Edition includes more features and components, including Microsoft Distributed File System (DFS), Active Directory support, and fault-tolerant storage.
Distributed File System
Distributed File System (DFS) allows sharing in different locations to be grouped logically under one folder, or DFS root . When a user tries to access a sharing network from a DFS root, the user actually sees the DFS link and the DFS server transparently redirects them to the correct file server and shares it. A DFS root can only exist on versions of Windows 2000 that are part of the server family, and only one DFS root can exist on that server.
There are two ways to implement the DFS namespace in Windows 2000: either through a stand-alone DFS root or a domain-based DFS root. Standalone DFS allows only DFS roots on the local computer, and thus does not use Active Directory. DFS-based root domains exist in Active Directory and can have their information distributed to other domain controllers in the domain - this provides fault tolerance for DFS. DFS roots that exist in the domain must be hosted on a domain controller or on a domain member server. The file and root information is replicated via the Microsoft File Replication Service (FRS).
Active Directory
A new way to set up Windows network domains, or resource groups, called Active Directory, was introduced with Windows 2000 to replace previous Windows NT domain models. The Active Directory hierarchical properties allow administrators to manage user and computer policies and user accounts, and automatically implement programs and updates with greater scalability and centralization than those provided in previous versions of Windows. The user information stored in Active Directory also provides functions like a phonebook that is convenient for the end user. Active Directory domains can vary from small installations with several hundred objects, to large installations with millions. Active Directory can organize and link domain groups into adjacent domain namespaces to form trees . Groups of trees outside the same namespace can be linked together to form a forest.
The Active Directory service can always be installed on a Windows 2000 Server, Advanced Server, or Datacenter Server server, and can not be installed on a Windows 2000 Professional computer. However, Windows 2000 Professional is the first client operating system that can take advantage of Active Directory's new features. As part of the organizational migration, Windows NT clients continue to work until all clients are upgraded to Windows 2000 Professional, at which point Active Directory domains can be switched to native mode and maximum functionality is reached.
Active Directory requires a DNS server that supports SRV resource records, or that the existing organization's DNS infrastructure will be upgraded to support this. There must be one or more domain controllers to store Active Directory databases and provide Active Directory directory services.
Volume fault tolerance
Along with support for simple, extended and striped volumes, the Windows 2000 server family also supports error-tolerant volumes. Supported types are mirrored volume and RAID-5 volumes :
- Volume reflected: volume contains multiple disks, and when data is written to one, it is also written to another disk. This means that if one disk fails, the data can actually be recovered from another disk. The reflected volume is also known as RAID-1.
- RAID-5 volume: RAID-5 volume consists of multiple disks, and uses striping level striping with parity data distributed across the member disk. If the disk fails in the array, the parity blocks of the surviving disk are mathematically combined with the data blocks of the surviving disk to reconstruct data on an "on-the-fly" drive.
Implementation
Windows 2000 can be deployed to the site through various methods. These can be installed to the server through traditional media (such as CDs) or through distribution folders that are in shared folders. Installation can be attended or unattended. During manual installation, the administrator must specify the configuration options. Unattended installations are scripted via an answer file, or scripts that have been specified in the form of an INI file that has all the options populated. An answer file can be created manually or using a graphical Setup manager . The Winnt.exe or Winnt32.exe program then uses the answer file to automate the installation. Unattended installation can be done via bootable CD, using Microsoft System Management Server (SMS), via System Preparation Tool (Sysprep), via Winnt32.exe program using switch/syspart or via Remote Installation Service (RIS). The ability to enter service packs into original operating system setup files was also introduced in Windows 2000.
The Sysprep method starts on a standard reference computer - even though the hardware does not need to be similar - and copies the necessary installation files from the reference computer to the target computer. The hard drive does not need to be on the target computer and can be switched to the device at any time, with hardware configured later. The Winnt.exe program must also be passed by a switch/unattend pointing to a valid answer file and a file/s pointing to one or more valid installation sources.
Sysprep allows disk image duplication on existing Windows 2000 Server installations to multiple servers. This means that all applications and system configuration settings will be copied to the new installation, and thus, the reference and the target computer must have the same HAL, ACPI support, and mass storage devices - even though Windows 2000 automatically detects the "plug and play" of the device. The main reason for using Sysprep is to quickly use Windows 2000 to a site that has many computers with standard hardware. (If a system has a different HAL, mass storage device or ACPI support, then some images need to be maintained.)
The Server Management System can be used to upgrade multiple computers to Windows 2000. It must run Windows NT 3.51, Windows NT 4.0, Windows 98 or Windows 95 OSR2.x along with SMS client agents that can accept software installation operations. Using SMS allows installation over a large area and provides centralized control over upgrades to the system.
The Remote Installation Service (RIS) is a means to automatically install Windows 2000 Professional (and not Windows 2000 Server) to a local computer through a network from a central server. Images do not have to support certain hardware configurations and security settings can be configured after the computer reboots because the service generates a new unique security ID (SID) for the device. This is required for local accounts to be properly identified and not to clash with other Windows 2000 Professional computers on the network. RIS requires that client computers can boot over the network via a network interface card that has pre-Boot Execution Environment (PXE) bootable ROM boot or that the client computer has an installed network card supported by a remote boot disk generator. The remote computer must also meet Net PC specifications. The server running RIS must be Windows 2000 Server and should be able to access the network DNS service, DHCP service and Active Directory service.
Issue
Microsoft released various editions of Windows 2000 for various markets and business needs: Professional, Server, Advanced Server, and Datacenter Server. Each is packaged separately.
Windows 2000 Professional is designed as an operating system desktop for business and power users. This is a client version of Windows 2000. It offers better security and stability than many previous Windows desktop operating systems. It supports up to two processors, and can handle up to 4 GB of RAM. System requirements are Pentium (or equivalent) processors of 133 MHz or greater, at least 32 MB RAM, 650 MB hard drive space, and CD-ROM drives (recommended: Pentium II, 128 MB RAM, 2 GB) hard drive space, and CD-ROM drive).
Windows 2000 Server share the same user interface with Windows 2000 Professional, but contains additional components for the computer to run the server role and run the infrastructure and application software. A significant new component introduced in the server version is Active Directory, which is a corporate-wide directory service based on LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol). In addition, Microsoft integrates Kerberos network authentication, replacing the often-criticized NTLM (NT LAN Manager) authentication system used in earlier versions. It also provides a pure transitive-trust relationship between Windows 2000 domains in forest (a collection of one or more Windows 2000 domains that share global common schema, configuration, and catalogs, linked to two ways of transitive trust). Furthermore, Windows 2000 introduces the Domain Name Server which enables the registration of dynamic IP addresses. Windows 2000 Server supports up to 4 processors and 4GB of RAM, with a minimum requirement of 128 MB RAM and 1 GB hard disk space, but requirements may be higher depending on installed components.
Advanced Server Windows 2000 is a system variant Windows 2000 Server operation designed for medium to large business. It offers grouping infrastructure for high availability and scalability of applications and services, including support for up to 8 CPUs, up to 8 gigabytes (GB) of main memory in Physical Address Extension (PAE) systems and the ability to perform 8-way SMP. Supports TCP/IP load balancing and enhanced two-node server clusters based on Microsoft Cluster Server (MSCS) in Windows NT Server 4.0 Enterprise Edition. System requirements are similar to Windows 2000 Server, but they may need to be higher for larger infrastructure scales.
Windows 2000 Datacenter Server is a Windows variant 2000 Servers designed for large businesses that move large amounts of confidential or sensitive data often through a central server. Like Advanced Server, it supports grouping, failover and load balancing. The minimum system requirements are normal, but are designed to be capable of delivering sophisticated, fault-tolerant and scalable hardware - eg computers with 32 CPUs and 32 GB RAM, with rigorous system testing and qualification, hardware partitions, coordinated maintenance and change control. System requirements are similar to Windows 2000 Advanced Server, but may need to be higher for larger infrastructure scales. Windows 2000 Datacenter Server was released to manufacturing on August 11, 2000 and launched on September 26, 2000. This edition is based on Windows 2000 with Service Pack 1 and is not available in retail.
Service plan
Windows 2000 has received four full service packs and one update package rollup following SP4, which is the last service pack. This is: SP1 on August 15, 2000, SP2 on May 16, 2001, SP3 on August 29, 2002 and SP4 on June 26, 2003. Microsoft suspended all development of Java Virtual Machine (JVM) from Windows 2000 in SP3. Internet Explorer 5.01 has also been upgraded to the level of related service packs.
Microsoft originally intended to release the fifth service pack for Windows 2000, but Microsoft canceled the project at the beginning of its development, and instead released Update Rollup 1 for SP4, a collection of all security-related hotfixes and some other important issues. Unsubscribe does not include all the insecure hotfixes and is not subject to the same broad regression test as a full service pack. Microsoft claims that this update will meet customers' needs better than new service packs, and will continue to help Windows 2000 customers secure their PCs, reduce support costs, and support existing computer hardware.
Upgrade Capabilities
Some Windows 2000 components can be upgraded to newer versions, as well as components introduced in newer versions of Windows, including Internet Explorer 6 or Outlook Express 6 with SP1, Windows Media Player 9 Series, Windows Media Encoder 7.1 and Windows Media 8 Encoding Utility command-line, DirectX 9.0c (the latest build supported is 2/5/2010 redistributable), MSN Messenger 7.0 (Windows Messenger is also available for Windows 2000), NetMeeting 3.01, Microsoft Agent 2.0, ActiveSync 4.5,.NET Framework 2.0 with SP2 , MSXML 3.0 SP7, Visual C 2008 runtime, Microsoft Data Access Components 2.81 and Windows Script Host 5.7. Office 2003 is the latest version of Microsoft Office running under Windows 2000.
Security
During the Windows 2000 period, the attack properties on Windows servers changed: more attacks came from remote sources over the Internet. This has caused a large number of malicious programs to exploit IIS services - especially the notorious buffer overflow trend. This trend is not a special operating system version, but a special configuration: it depends on which services are enabled. After this, the common complaint is that "by default, the installation of Windows 2000 contains many potential security problems.The many unnecessary services are installed and enabled, and there is no active local security policy." In addition to unsafe defaults, according to the SANS Institute, the most common deficiencies found are buffer overflow vulnerabilities that are exploited remotely. Other critical deficiencies include the use of vulnerable encryption techniques.
Code Red and Code Red II are well known (and much-discussed) worms that exploit the Windows Indexing Services vulnerability of the Windows 2000 Information Service (IIS). In August 2003, security researchers estimated that two large worms called Sobig and Blaster infected more than half a million Microsoft Windows computers. The 2005 Zotob worm is blamed for security compromises on Windows 2000 machines on ABC, CNN, the New York Times Company, and the Department of Homeland Security of the United States.
On September 8, 2009, Microsoft missed a patch of two of the five security holes discussed in the monthly security update, saying that patching one of the critical security flaws is "unfeasible." According to Microsoft Security Bulletin MS09-048: "The architecture to properly support TCP/IP protection does not exist on Microsoft Windows 2000 systems, making it unfeasible to build fixes for Microsoft Windows 2000 Service Pack 4 to eliminate vulnerabilities.To do so would require re-architecting a very significant number of Microsoft Windows 2000 Service Pack 4 operating systems, [...] there will be no guarantee that applications designed to run on Microsoft Windows 2000 Service Pack 4 will continue to operate on an updated system. "No patches for defects this is being released for Windows XP (32-bit) and Windows XP Professional x64 Edition newer, although both are also affected; Microsoft recommends turning on Windows Firewall in that version.
Support life cycle
Windows 2000 is replaced by newer Microsoft operating systems: Windows 2000 Server products by Windows Server 2003, and Windows 2000 Professional by Windows XP Professional.
The Windows 2000 family of operating systems moved from mainstream support to an extended support phase on June 30, 2005. Microsoft says that this marks the development of Windows 2000 through Windows lifecycle policies. Under the main support, Microsoft freely provides design changes where applicable, service packs and other non-security related updates in addition to security updates, whereas in extended support, service packs are not provided and non-security updates require contacting support personnel via e-mail or phone. Under an extended support phase, Microsoft continues to provide critical monthly security updates for all Windows 2000 components (including Internet Explorer 5.0 SP4) and pay per incident support for technical issues. Due to the age of Windows 2000, the latest versions of components such as Windows Media Player 11 and Internet Explorer 7 have not been released for it. In the case of Internet Explorer, Microsoft said in 2005 that, "some security work in IE 7 relies on operating system functionality in XP SP2 that is not trivial to port back to Windows 2000."
While Windows 2000 Professional and Server users are eligible to purchase an upgrade license for Windows Vista Business or Windows Server 2008, none of these operating systems can directly install updates from Windows 2000; a clean installation should be done instead or a two-step upgrade through XP/2003. Microsoft has dropped the upgrade path from Windows 2000 (and earlier) to Windows 7. Windows 2000 users must purchase a full Windows 7 license.
Although Windows 2000 is the latest version of Microsoft Windows NT that does not include product activation, Microsoft has introduced Windows Genuine Advantage for certain downloads and non-critical updates from the Download Center for Windows 2000.
Windows 2000 reached the end of its life cycle on July 13, 2010. It will not receive new security updates and new security fixes after this date. In Japan, more than 130,000 servers and 500,000 PCs in the local government are affected; many local governments say they will not renew because they do not have the funds to replace the replacement.
Since 2011, Windows Update still supports Windows 2000 updates that are available in Patch Tuesday in July 2010, for example, if older optional Windows 2000 features are enabled later. Microsoft Office products under Windows 2000 have their own product life cycles. While Internet Explorer 6 for Windows XP does not accept security patches until it loses support, this does not apply to IE6 under Windows 2000. The Windows Malicious Software Removal Tool installed monthly by Windows Update for XP and later versions can still be downloaded manually for Windows 2000.
Total cost of ownership
In October 2002, Microsoft assigned IDC to determine the total cost of ownership (TCO) for enterprise applications on Windows 2000 versus TCO of the same application under Linux. The IDC report is based on telephone interviews of executives and IT managers from 104 North American companies where they determine what they use for specific workloads for file, print, security and network services. IDC specifies that four areas where Windows 2000 has a better TCO than Linux - over a five-year period for an average organization of 100 employees - are file, print, network infrastructure and security infrastructure. They are determined, however, that Linux has a better TCO than Windows 2000 to serve the web. The report also found that the biggest cost was not in the procurement of software and hardware, but in staffing and time-out costs. While the report applies a 40% productivity factor over IT infrastructure downtime, recognizing that employees are not entirely unproductive, it does not consider the impact of downtime on business profitability. The report states that Linux servers have unplanned downtime rather than Windows 2000 servers. It was found that most Linux servers run fewer workloads per server than Windows 2000 servers and also no business is interviewed using a 4-way Linux SMP computer. The report also does not take into account application-specific servers - servers that require low maintenance and are provided by certain vendors. The report emphasizes that TCO is just one factor in considering whether to use a particular IT platform, and also notes that as server management and software improve and become better packaged, the overall picture shown may change.
See also
- Windows NT Architecture
- Comparison of operating system
- DEC Multia, one of DEC Alpha computers capable of running Windows 2000 beta
- Microsoft server, Microsoft network server software brand
- Windows Neptune, a canceled version of Windows 2000 for home users
References
Further reading
- Bolosky, William J.; Corbin, Scott; Goebel, David; & amp; Douceur, John R. "Single Instance Storage in Windows 2000." Microsoft Research & amp; Balder Technology Group, Inc. (white paper).
- Bozman, Jean; Gillen, Al; Kolodgy, Charles; Kusnetzky, Dan; Perry, Randy; & amp; Shiang, David (October 2002). "Windows 2000 Versus Linux in Enterprise Computing: Assessing business value for selected workload." IDC , sponsored by Microsoft Corporation . White paper.
- Finnel, Lynn (2000). MCSE Exam 70-215, Microsoft Windows 2000 Server . Microsoft Press. ISBNÃ, 1-57231-903-8.
- Microsoft . Running the Nonnative Application in Windows 2000 Professional. Windows 2000 Resource Kit. Retrieved 4 May 2005.
- Microsoft . "Active Directory Data Storage." Retrieved May 9, 2005.
- Minasi, Mark (1993). Install Windows 2000 from Mastering Windows 2000 Server . Sybex. Chapter 3 - Installing Windows 2000 on a Workstation with Remote Installation Service.
- Russinovich, Mark (October 1997). "In the NT Object Manager." Windows IT Pro .
- Russinovich, Mark (2002). "Inside Win2K NTFS, Part 1." Windows IT Pro (formerly Windows 2000 Magazine ).
- Saville, John (January 9, 2000). "What is Original Structural Storage?" Windows IT Pro (formerly Windows 2000 Magazine ).
- Siyan, Kanajit S. (2000). "Windows 2000 Professional Reference." New Riders . ISBNÃ, 0-7357-0952-1.
- Solomon, David; & amp; Russinovich, Mark E. (2000). Inside Microsoft Windows 2000 (Third Edition). Microsoft Press . ISBNÃ, 0-7356-1021-5.
- Tanenbaum, Andrew S. (2001), Modern Operating System (2nd Edition), Prentice-Hall
- Trott, Bob (October 27, 1998). "It's official: NT 5.0 to Windows 2000." InfoWorld .
- Wallace, Rick (2000). MCSE 70-210 Exam, Microsoft Windows 2000 Professional . Microsoft Press. ISBNÃ, 1-57231-901-1.
External links
- Windows 2000 Server Information on Technet
- Windows 2000 Transition to Extended Support.
- Windows 2000 Service Pack 4
- Windows 2000 Cancel Update 1 Version 2
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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