Danger is an agent that has the potential to cause disruption to a vulnerable target. The terms "danger" and "risk" are often used interchangeably. However, in terms of risk assessment, they are two very different terms. Danger is any agent that can cause damage or damage to human, property, or environment. Risk is defined as the likelihood that exposure to harm will lead to negative consequences, or, more simply, the dangers poses no risk if there is no exposure to the hazard.
Hazards can be dormant or potential, with only possible theoretical danger. Events caused by interactions with hazards are called incidents. The possible severity of the unintended consequences of hazard-related incidents, combined with the likelihood of this occurrence, is a related risk. If there is no possibility of danger contributing to an incident, there is no risk.
Hazards can be classified as different types in several ways. One of these ways is to determine the origin of the hazard. One of the key concepts in identifying hazards is the presence of stored energy, when released, can cause damage. The stored energy can occur in various forms: chemical, mechanical, thermal, radioactive, electrical, etc. Other hazard classes do not involve the release of stored energy, but rather involve the presence of dangerous situations. Examples include limited or limited spaces, oxygen-deficient atmospheres, awkward positions, repetitive motions, low or protruding objects etc. Hazards can also be classified as natural, anthropogenic, or technologically. They can also be classified as a health or safety hazard, by a population that may be affected, and the severity of the associated risk. In many cases, hazards can affect different targets, and have little or no effect on others.
Hazard identification assumes that a potential target is defined, and is the first step in performing a risk assessment.
Video Hazard
Definisi
Kates (1978) defines environmental hazards as "potential threats posed to humans or nature by events originating from, or transmitted by, the natural or built environment". This definition covers a wider range of hazards, ranging from long-term environmental damage such as acidification of soil and atmospheric carbon dioxide accumulation to communal and unintentional social hazards such as crime and terrorism against voluntary and personal hazards such as drug abuse and mountain climbing. Environmental hazards usually have defined or general characteristics including their tendency to be a rapid onset event which means they occur with a short warning time; they have a clear source of origin that is easily identifiable, the impact will be immediate and the losses suffered quickly during or soon after - set of events, the risk of exposure is usually unintentional due to the location or proximity of people to danger and "disasters occur with the intensity and scale that justify the emergency response".
Dangers can be grouped according to their characteristics. These factors are related to non-specific geophysical events of the process:
- Areas of zone damage
- Impact intensity at a point
- Duration of impact on a point
- Onset event level
- Predictability event
Natural hazards can be defined as "extreme events originating from the biosphere, the hydrosphere, the lithosphere or the atmosphere" or "potential threats to humans and their well-being" that include earthquakes, landslides, storms and tsunamis. Technological and man-made hazards include explosions, toxic release, severe contamination episodes, structural collapse, and transportation, construction and manufacturing accidents etc. Differences can also be made between the rapid onset of natural hazards, technological hazards and social hazards described as sudden occurrences and relatively short durations, and the consequences of long-term environmental degradation such as desertification and drought.
In defining danger, Keith Smith argues that what can be defined as danger is only a danger if there is a human presence to make it a danger and that it is merely an interesting event. In this sense environmental conditions that we consider hostilities or dangers can be seen as neutral in that it is our perception, human location and actions that identify resources and dangers in natural events. In this case human sensitivity to environmental hazards is a combination of both physical exposure (natural events and/or technology in locations related to their statistical variability) and human vulnerability (with respect to social and economic tolerance of the same location).
Smith states that natural hazards are best seen in the ecological framework to distinguish between natural occurrences as natural hazards. He said "natural hazards, therefore, result from conflicts of geophysical processes with people and they are located at the interface of what has been called natural event systems and human interface systems." He said that "the interpretation of this natural hazard gives man a primary role, first through location, because only when people and their possessions are in the way of natural processes the danger exists."
The natural hazards can be considered as geophysical events that when it occurs in the extreme and human factors involved that can pose a risk. In this context we can see that there may be variations in acceptable quantities that may vary from the normal or average range estimates with upper and lower thresholds and thresholds. In these extreme conditions, natural events can be events that present a risk to the environment or people. Smith says "most social and economic activities are directed at some expectations of 'average' conditions.as long as the variation of environmental elements remains close enough to this expected performance, no significant damage occurs and that element will be considered useful when variability exceeds some threshold beyond the normal tolerance limit, the same variable begins to impose pressure on society and becomes a danger. "Thus above the average wind velocity that results in tropical depression or storms according to intensity measures on the Saffir-Simpson scale will provide extreme natural events that can be regarded as a danger.
Maps Hazard
Classification
Hazards can be classified as different types in several ways. One of these ways is to determine the origin of the hazard. One of the key concepts in identifying hazards is the presence of stored energy, when released, can cause damage. The stored energy can occur in various forms: chemical, mechanical, thermal, radioactive, electrical, etc. Other hazard classes do not involve the release of stored energy, but rather involve the presence of dangerous situations. Examples include limited or limited spaces, oxygen-deficient atmospheres, awkward positions, repetitive motions, low or protruding objects etc.
Hazards can also be classified as natural, anthropogenic, or technologically. They can also be classified as a health or safety hazard and by a population that may be affected, and the severity of the associated risk.
"... to reduce through joint international action, especially in developing countries, casualties, property damage, and social and economic disturbances caused by natural disasters, such as earthquakes, storms, tsunamis, floods, landslides, volcanic eruptions , wildfires, grasshoppers, and grasshopper infestations, droughts and desertification and other natural disasters. "
- Methods to reduce risks from natural hazards include the construction of high-risk facilities away from high-risk areas, engineering redundancy, emergency reserve funds, purchase of relevant insurance, and development of operational recovery plans.
- Anthropogenic Hazards
- Hazards due to human behavior and activity.
- The social, natural and built environment is not only at risk from geophysical hazards, but also from technological dangers including industrial explosions, chemical hazards and major accident hazards (MAHs).
- Technology harm
- Hazards due to technology, and therefore a sub-class of anthropogenic hazards.
- The sociological hazard
- Hazards due to sociological causes, as well as sub-classes of anthropogenic hazards
- Sociological hazards include crime, terrorist threat and war.
- Environmental hazards
- Any one or a combination of toxic, biological, or physical chemicals in the environment, resulting from human activities or natural processes, which may affect the health of exposed subjects, including pollutants such as heavy metals, pesticides, contaminant biology, toxic wastes, industrial chemicals and homes.
Based on the effect
- Health hazards
- Hazards affecting the health of exposed people, usually have an acute or chronic illness as a consequence. Fatality is not usually a direct consequence. Health hazards can cause measurable changes in the body that are generally indicated by the development of signs and symptoms in the exposed person, or subjective symptoms that can not be measured.
- Security hazard
- Hazards affecting the safety of an individual, usually with immediate injury or death as a consequence of an incident
- Economic hazard
- Hazards affecting property, wealth, and economy.
- Environmental hazards
- Hazards affecting the environment, especially the natural environment and ecosystem.
Disaster
Disasters can be defined as serious disruptions, occurring within a relatively short period of time, of a community or community function that involves widespread human, material, economic, social or environmental losses and impacts that exceed the capacity of the affected community or society. to address the use of its own resources. Disasters can manifest in various forms, threatening people or environments that are particularly vulnerable. These impacts include loss of property, death, injury, trauma or post-traumatic stress disorder.
Disasters can take many forms, including storms, volcanoes, tsunamis, earthquakes, drought, famine, plagues, diseases, railroad accidents, car accidents, tornadoes, deforestation, floods, poison releases, and spills (oil, chemicals). It can affect people and the environment at the local, regional, national or international level (Wisner et al., Unknown) where the international community is involved with aid donations, the government provides money to support the economies of affected countries with disaster response and post-reconstruction post.
The danger of disaster is an extreme geophysical event capable of causing disaster. 'Extreme' in this case means substantial variations in the positive or negative direction of the normal trend; Flood disasters can be caused by very high rainfall and river discharge, and drought is caused by very low values. The main determinants of the hazard and the hazard risks occur are time, location, magnitude and frequency. For example, the magnitude of an earthquake is measured on the Richter scale from 1 to 10, where each increase of 1 shows a tenfold increase in severity. The large-frequency rule states that over a significant period of time many small events and major events will occur. Storms and cyclones on the other side occur between 5 degrees and 25 degrees north and south of the equator, tending to be such a seasonal phenomenon mostly repeated in time and predictable on site due to certain climatic variables required for their formation.
A major disaster, as it is usually judged on the basis of the quantitative criteria of death and damage defined by Sheehan and Hewitt (1969) must conform to the following criteria:
- At least 100 people are dead,
- at least 100 people were injured, or
- at least $ 1 million damage.
This definition includes the indirect losses of life caused after the initial onset of disasters such as secondary effects from, for example, cholera or dysentery. This definition is still commonly used but has limitations on the number of deaths, injuries and damages (in $). UNDRO (1984) defines a disaster in a more qualitative way as:
an event, concentrated in time and space, where a community experiences a grave danger and incurs such harm to its members and physical expertise so that the social structure is disrupted and the fulfillment of all or some of the important functions of society is prevented.
As with other disaster definitions, this definition not only covers the social aspects of the impact of disasters and potentially caused but also focussed on losses, implying the need for emergency response as a disaster aspect. However, it does not set quantitative or scale thresholds for damage, death or personal injury.
Hazard status
Danger is sometimes classified into three modes or status:
- Not Active - The current environment situation is affected. For example, the hillside may be unstable, with the potential for landslides, but nothing under or on the hillside could be affected.
- Armed - People, property, or environment are in potential danger.
- Active - Dangerous incidents involving actual hazards have occurred. Often this is not referred to as "active dangers" but as an accident, emergency, incident, or disaster.
Risk
The terms "danger" and "risk" are often used interchangeably. However, in terms of risk assessment, these are two very different terms. Hazards are agents that can cause damage or damage to humans, property, or the environment. Risk is the possibility that exposure to harm will lead to negative consequences, or more simply, the dangers poses no risk if there is no exposure to the hazard.
Risk can be defined as the possibility or possibility of certain hazards at a certain level that cause a certain degree of loss. Risk elements are the population, community, built environment, natural environment, economic activities and services that are under the threat of disaster in a particular region. Total risk according to UNDRO 1982 is "the number of predictable deaths, injuries, damages, damage, disturbances, and repair and mitigation costs caused by a certain level of disaster in a particular area or area.
David Alexander distinguishes between risk and vulnerability that "vulnerability refers to potential victims, destruction, damage, disturbance or other forms of loss in certain elements: the risk of combining this with the estimated likelihood rate of a predictable magnitude of the hazard regarded as the manifestation of the offending agent.) "Due to the danger of having different severity, the stronger or the more severe the danger, the greater the vulnerability there will be the potential for damage and destruction to increase with respect to the severity of the hazard. Ben Wisner argues that risk or disaster is "a combined function of natural hazards and the number of people, characterized by their various levels of vulnerability to certain hazards, occupying the space and time of exposure to hazard events." (Wisner, et al., 1994).
Another definition of risk is "possible frequency and possible future losses". This definition also focuses on possible future losses where the degree of vulnerability to hazard represents the degree of risk in a given population or environment. The threats posed by danger are:
- Danger to people - death, injury, illness, and stress
- Danger to goods - property damage and economic losses
- Hazards to the environment - ruins of flora and fauna, pollution, and loss of comfort
Marking hazard
Hazard symbols or warning symbols are easily recognizable symbols designed to warn about hazardous materials, locations, or objects, The use of hazard symbols is often governed by law and directed by standard organizations. Hazard symbols may appear with different colors, backgrounds, borders, and additional information to determine the types of hazards and threat levels (for example, toxicity classes). Warning symbols are used in many places as a substitute or addition to written warnings because they are quickly recognized (faster than reading written warnings) and more universally understood, since the same symbols can be recognized as having the same meaning for different language speakers.
See also
- Hierarchical control hazard
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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