Twitter ( ) is an online news and social networking service where users post and interact with messages known as "tweets". Tweets were originally limited to 140 characters, but on November 7, 2017, this limit was duplicated for all languages ​​except Japanese, Korean and Chinese. Registered users can post a tweet, but those who are not registered can only read it. Users access Twitter through their website interface, via Short Message Service (SMS) or mobile device application software ("app"). Twitter, Inc. based in San Francisco, California, and has more than 25 offices worldwide.
Twitter was created in March 2006 by Jack Dorsey, Noah Glass, Biz Stone, and Evan Williams and was launched in July of that year. This service is rapidly gaining popularity worldwide. In 2012, more than 100 million users account for 340 million tweets per day, and services handle an average of 1.6 billion search queries per day. In 2013, it is one of the ten most visited websites and has been described as "Internet SMS". In 2016, Twitter has over 319 million monthly active users. On the day of the 2016 US presidential election, Twitter proved to be the biggest source of news, with 40 million tweets related to elections being sent no later than 10 pm. (Eastern Time) that day.
Video Twitter
History
Creation and initial reaction
The origin of Twitter lies in an "all-day brainstorming session" hosted by Odeo podcasting board member. Jack Dorsey, who later became a graduate student at New York University, introduced the idea of ​​an individual using SMS services to communicate with small groups. The original project code name for this service is twttr , a notion that Williams did later as Noah Glass, who was inspired by Flickr and the short five-character American SMS shortcode. The decision was also partly due to the fact that the twitter.com domain was already in use, and that was six months after the twttr launch that the crew bought the domain and changed the service name to Twitter b>. The developers were originally considered "10958" as a short code, but then converted it to "40404" for "ease of use and memory". Project work began on March 21, 2006, when Dorsey published his first Twitter message at 9:50 pm. Pacific Standard Time (PST): "just set up my twttr". Dorsey has explained the origin of the title "Twitter":
... we found the word 'twitter', and it was perfect. The meaning is 'a short explosion of unimportant information', and 'the censure of the birds'. And that's exactly the product.
The first Twitter prototype, developed by Dorsey and contractor Florian Weber, was used as an internal service for Odeo employees and the full version was introduced publicly on July 15, 2006. In October 2006, Biz Stone, Evan Williams, Dorsey, and other members of Odeo formed the Obvious Corporation and acquired Odeo, along with its assets - including Odeo.com and Twitter.com - from investors and shareholders. Williams fired Glass, who was silent about his part in Twitter's startup until 2011. Twitter spun into his own company in April 2007. Williams provided insight into the ambiguities that define this initial period in the 2013 interview:
With Twitter, it is not clear what it is. They call it social networking, they call it microblogging, but it's hard to define, because it does not replace anything. There is this discovery path with something like that, where from time to time you know what it is. Twitter really changed from what we thought at the beginning, which we describe as social status and social utility updates. It is that, in part, but our insight ultimately is Twitter is really more of an information network than a social network.
The critical point for Twitter's popularity is the South South conference by Southwest Southwest (SXSWi) 2007. During the event, Twitter's use increased from 20,000 tweets per day to 60,000. "The Twitter people cleverly placed two 60-inch plasma screens in the conference hallways, exclusively streaming Twitter messages," said Steven Levy, Newsweek '. "Hundreds of conference audiences watch each other through constant twitters," the panelists and speakers say, and the bloggers in attendance are mentioned. "
The reaction at the conference was very positive. Blogger Scott Beale says that Twitter is "really powerful" SXSWi. Social software researcher Boyd says Twitter is a "own" conference. The Twitter staff received the festival's Web Award with a saying "we want to say thank you in 140 characters or less. And we just did it!" The first unsecured off-Earth Twitter message was posted from the International Space Station by NASA astronaut TJ Creamer on January 22, 2010. At the end of November 2010, an average of a dozen updates per day was posted on the astronaut's communal account, @NASA_Astronauts. NASA has also hosted more than 25 "tweetups", an event that provides guests with VIP access to NASA facilities and speakers with the aim of utilizing participant social networks to further reach NASA's goals. In August 2010, the company appointed Adam Bain of Fox Audience Network News Corp. as president of revenue.
Growth
The company experienced rapid initial growth. It has 400,000 tweets posted per quarter in 2007. This increased to 100 million tweets posted per quarter in 2008. In February 2010, Twitter users sent 50 million tweets per day. As of March 2010, the company recorded more than 70,000 registered apps. As of June 2010, around 65 million tweets are posted every day, equivalent to 750 tweets sent every second, according to Twitter. As of March 2011, about 140 million tweets are loaded daily. As noted on Compete.com, Twitter climbed to the third highest ranked social networking site in January 2009 from its previous twenty-second ranking.
Twitter usage increases during important events. For example, a record was set during the 2010 FIFA World Cup when fans wrote 2,940 tweets per second in a period of thirty seconds after Japan scored against Cameroon on 14 June. The record was broken again when 3085 tweets per second posted after Los Angeles. The Los Angeles Lakers Victory in the 2010 NBA Finals on June 17, and then again at the close of Japan's victory over Denmark at the World Cup when users published 3,283 tweets per second. The record was set again during the 2011 FIFA Women's World Final between Japan and the United States, when 7,196 tweets per second were published. When American singer Michael Jackson died on June 25, 2009, the Twitter server crashed after users updated their status to include the words "Michael Jackson" at the rate of 100,000 tweets per hour. The current record on August 3, 2013 is set in Japan, with 143,199 tweets per second during screening of the movie film Castle in the Sky (beating the previous record of 33,388, also set by Japan for television screenings of the same film).
Twitter acquired Atebits application developers on April 11, 2010. Atebits has developed Twitter Tweetie client for Apple and iPhone. The app, now called "Twitter" and distributed for free, is the official Twitter client for iPhone, iPad and Mac.
From September to October 2010, the company began launching "New Twitter", a completely revamped twitter.com edition. Changes include the ability to view images and videos without leaving Twitter itself by clicking on an individual tweet that contains links to images and clips from various supported websites including YouTube and Flickr, and a comprehensive overhaul of the interface, which redirects links like '@mentions' and' Retweets' over the Twitter stream, while 'Messages' and' Log Out 'can be accessed through the black bar at the very top of twitter.com. On November 1, 2010, the company confirmed that "New Twitter experience" has been launched for all users.
2011-2014
On April 5, 2011, Twitter tested the new homepage and deleted "Old Twitter". However, errors appear after the page launches, so the previous "retro" tabs are still in use until the issue is resolved; the new homepage was reintroduced on April 20th. On December 8, 2011, Twitter remodeled its website once more to showcase the "Fly" design, which according to the service is easier for new users to follow and promote ads. In addition to the Home tab, the Connect and Discover tabs are introduced along with the redesigned Tweets profile and timeline. The site layout has been compared to Facebook. On February 21, 2012, it was announced that Twitter and Yandex approved the partnership. Yandex, Russian search engine, found value in partnership for real time Twitter news feeds. Twitter business development director explains that it's important to have Twitter content where Twitter users go. On March 21, 2012, Twitter celebrated its sixth anniversary while also announcing that it has 140 million users and 340 million tweets per day. The number of users is up 40% from their September 2011 number, which is said to have reached 100 million at the time.
In April 2012, Twitter announced that it opened an office in Detroit, with the aim of working with automotive brands and advertising agencies. Twitter also expanded its office in Dublin. On June 5, 2012, a modified logo was launched through a corporate blog, deleting text to display a slightly redesigned bird as a single Twitter symbol. On October 5, 2012, Twitter acquired a video clip company called Vine which was launched in January 2013. Twitter released Vine as a standalone app that allows users to create and distribute six-second recurring video clips on January 24, 2013. Video Vine shared on Twitter is visible directly on feed Twitter users. Due to the entry of inappropriate content, it is now rated 17 in Apple's app store. On December 18, 2012, Twitter announced it has surpassed 200 million monthly active users. Twitter reaches 100 million monthly active users in September 2011.
On January 28, 2013, Twitter acquired Crashlytics to build its mobile developer product.
On April 18, 2013, Twitter launched a music app called Twitter Music for iPhone. On August 28, 2013, Twitter acquired Trendrr, followed by the acquisition of MoPub on September 9, 2013. As of September 2013, corporate data showed that 200 million users sent more than 400 million tweets every day, with nearly 60% of tweets sent from mobile devices. On June 4, 2014, Twitter announced that it would acquire Namo Media, a technology company specializing in "native advertising" for mobile devices. On June 19, 2014, Twitter announced that it had reached an undisclosed agreement to buy SnappyTV, a service that helps edit and share videos from broadcast television. The company helps broadcasters and rights holders to share video content both organically in social and through the Amplify Twitter program. In July 2014, Twitter announced that it intends to buy a young company called CardSpring for an undisclosed amount. CardSpring allows retailers to offer online buyer coupons that can be automatically synced to their credit card to receive discounts when they shop at a physical store. On July 31, 2014, Twitter announced that it had acquired a small password security startup named Mitro. On October 29, 2014, Twitter announced a new partnership with IBM. This partnership is meant to help businesses use Twitter data to understand customers, businesses, and other trends.
2015 and slow growth
On February 11, 2015, Twitter announced that it had acquired Niche, an advertising network for social media stars, founded by Rob Fishman and Darren Lachtman. The acquisition price is reported to be $ 50 million. On March 13, 2015, Twitter announced the acquisition of Periscope, an app that allows live streaming of videos. In April 2015, the Twitter.com desktop home page changed. Twitter announced that it has acquired TellApart, a trading technology advertising company, with $ 532 million in shares. Later in the year it became clear that growth had slowed, according to Fortune, Business Insider, Marketing Land and other news sites including Quartz (in 2016). In June 2016, Twitter acquired an artificial intelligence startup called Magic Pony for $ 150 million.
Initial public offering (IPO)
On September 12, 2013, Twitter announced that it had filed a letter to the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) ahead of the planned stock market listing. It reveals its prospectus in a 800 page submission. Twitter plans to raise $ 1 billion as a base for its stock market debut. The IPO submission states that "200,000,000 monthly active users" access Twitter and "500,000,000 tweets per day" are posted. On October 15, 2013 their SEC S-1 filing changes, Twitter stated that they will register on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), undoing speculation that their shares will trade on the NASDAQ exchange. This decision was widely seen as a reaction to a failed Facebook general offer. On November 6, 2013, 70 million shares were priced at US $ 26 and issued by Goldman Sachs underwriter.
On November 7, 2013, the first day of trading on the NYSE, Twitter shares opened at $ 26.00 and closed at US $ 44.90, giving the company valuation of approximately US $ 31 billion. Documents from November 7 show that among the founders, Williams received US $ 2.56 billion and Dorsey received US $ 1.05 billion, while Costolo's payment was US $ 345 million. On February 5, 2014, Twitter published its first results as a public company, showing a net loss of $ 511 million in the fourth quarter of 2013. On 5 January 2016, CEO Jack Dorsey commented on reports that Twitter plans to expand its character. limit of up to 10,000 (private messages already have a longer limit per July), requiring users to click to see anything that exceeds 140 characters. He said while Twitter would "never lose that feeling" of speed, users could do more with the text.
In September 2016, Twitter shares rose 20% after reports that they had accepted a takeover approach. Prospective buyers are Alphabet (Google's parent company), Microsoft, Salesforce.com, Verizon, and The Walt Disney Company. The board of directors of Twitter is open to a deal, which could arrive by the end of 2016. However, no deal was made, with a report in October stating that all potential buyers broke off in part because of concerns over abuse and harassment of the service.. In June 2017, Twitter changed its dashboard to improve the new user experience.
Maps Twitter
Leadership
As chief executive officer, Dorsey saw startup through two rounds of capital funding by venture capitalists supporting the company. On October 16, 2008, Williams took over the role of CEO, and Dorsey became chairman of the board. On October 4, 2010, Williams announced that he had resigned as CEO. Dick Costolo, former chief operating officer of Twitter, became CEO. On October 4, 2010, Williams made an announcement saying that he would stay with the company and "really focus on product strategy".
According to The New York Times , "Mr. Dorsey and Mr. Costolo were in close relationship" when Williams left. According to PC Magazine, Williams "is no longer involved in day-to-day activities at the company". He focused on developing new startups, and became a member of Twitter's board of directors, and promised to "help in any way I can". In 2011, Stone was still with Twitter but worked with AOL as "an adviser on voluntary and philanthropic endeavors". In January 2014, Stone announced the release of Jelly, a 'Q & amp; A social for mobile '. Dorsey rejoined Twitter in March 2011, as chief executive focusing on product development. At that time he divides his schedule with Square (where he is CEO), whose office is within walking distance of Twitter in San Francisco.
In September 2011, board members and investors Fred Wilson and Bijan Sabet resigned from the Twitter Board of Directors. In October 2012, Twitter announced it had hired former Google executive Matt Derella to become the new director of their business agency development. Twitter named former Goldman Sachs executive Anthony Noto as a corporate CFO in July 2014, with "an annual salary of $ 250,000 and a one-time limited stock option of 1.5 million shares... worth $ 61.5 million". On June 10, 2015, Twitter announced CEO Dick Costolo will step down on July 1, 2015. Noto is said to be regarded as a potential replacement for Costolo CEO who will be out. On October 14, 2015, former Google CEO Omid Kordestani became chief executive, replacing Dorsey who remains CEO. On January 26, 2016, Leslie Berland, former executive vice president of global advertising, marketing, and digital partnership at American Express, was appointed chief marketing officer. In November 2016, COO Adam Bain announced his resignation and CFO Anthony Noto took over Bain's role. A month later, on December 20, 2016, CTO Adam Messinger announced that he would also leave.
Logo
Twitter has become internationally identified by its signature bird logo, or Twitter Bird. The original logo, which is only the word "Twitter", is used since its launch in March 2006 to September 2010. Accompanied by a bird image which is an art clip created by British graphic designer Simon Oxley. A slightly modified version of "Larry the Bird" next to the old logo was successful in the first style when the website first redesigned. A tweet from an employee working on the company's platform and API discusses the evolution of the "Larry the Bird" logo with the creative director of Twitter and it was revealed that it was named after Larry Bird of the famous NBA Boston Celtics. These details have been confirmed when the interactive media director of the Boston Celtics asked Twitter founder Biz Stone about it in August 2011.
In 2012, Twitter launched a third logo redesign, replacing Larry the Bird with an updated icon called "Bird Twitter", as seen on the right. On the revision of this logo, the words "Twitter" and the lowercase "t" are no longer used, with the bird being the sole symbol for corporate branding. According to Douglas Bowman, Twitter designer, the new logo resembles a mountain bluebird.
Features
Tweets
Tweets can be viewed publicly by default, but senders can restrict the delivery of messages only to their followers. Users can tweet via Twitter sites, compatible external apps (such as for smartphones), or by Short Message Service (SMS) available in certain countries. Users can subscribe to tweets of other users - these are known as "following" and customers are known as "followers" or "tweeps", portmanteau Twitter and peeps. Individual tweets can be forwarded by other users to their own feed, a process known as "retweet". Users can also "like" (previously "favorite") individual tweets. Twitter allows users to update their profile via their mobile phone either via text messages or by apps released for certain smartphones and tablets. Twitter has been compared to Internet-based Relay Chat (IRC) clients. In a 2009 essay Time , technology writer Steven Johnson described the basic mechanics of Twitter as "very simple":
As a social network, Twitter revolves around the principle of followers. When you choose to follow other Twitter users, the user's tweets appear in reverse chronological order on your main Twitter page. If you follow 20 people, you'll see a mix of tweets that scroll through the page: cereal breakfast updates, exciting new links, music recommendations, and even reflections on the future of education.
According to research published in April 2014, about 44 percent of user accounts never tweet.
The first tweet was posted by Jack Dorsey (creator) at 12:50 PM PST on March 21, 2006 and read "just set up my twttr". In 2009, the first tweet was sent from space. US astronaut Nicola Stott and Jeff Williams took part in a direct tweetup from the International Space Station with about 35 community members at NASA Headquarters in Washington, DC, USA.
Content
The San Antonio-based market research firm analyzed 2,000 tweets (coming from the United States and Britain) for a two-week period in August 2009 from 11:00 am to 5:00 pm (CST) and separated them into six categories. Mean nonsense reaches 40%, with 38% talking. Pass-along value has 9%, self-promotion 6% with spam and news each yielding 4%.
Although Jack Dorsey himself argues that the message on Twitter is a "short burst of unimportant information," social network researcher Danah Boyd responded to the Pear Analytics survey by stating that what Pear researchers say labeled "useless babble" is better characterized as "social care "and/or" peripheral consciousness "(which he justifies as a person" wants to know what people are thinking and doing around them, even when joint presence can not work "). Similarly, a Twitter user survey found that a more specific social role through a message that includes a hyperlink is a reciprocal expectation linking by followers.
Format
Users can group posts together by topic or type by hashtag - words or phrases beginning with the "#" mark. Similarly, the "@" mark followed by the username is used to mention or reply to other users. To resend messages from other Twitter users and share them with your own followers, users can click the retweet button in Tweets.
At the end of 2009, the "Twitter List" feature was added, allowing users to follow the author's ad hoc list, not individual authors.
Through SMS, users can communicate with Twitter through five gateway numbers: short codes for USA, Canada, India, New Zealand, and Isle of Man based numbers for international use. There is also a short code in the United Kingdom that is only accessible to them on Vodafone, O2, and Orange networks. In India, since Twitter only supports tweets from Bharti Airtel, an alternative platform called smsTweet is created by users to work on all networks. A similar platform called GladlyCast exists for mobile users in Singapore and Malaysia.
The tweets are set to limit the 140-character limit for compatibility with SMS messages, introducing short notes and slang commonly used in SMS messages. The 140-character limit also increases the use of URL shortening services such as bit.ly, goo.gl, tinyurl.com, tr.im, and other content hosting services such as TwitPic, memozu.com and NotePub to accommodate multimedia and text content longer than 140 character. Since June 2011, Twitter has used its own t.co domain to auto-shorten all URLs posted on its site, making other link shorteners unnecessary to stay within the 140-character Twitter limit.
In 2016, Twitter announced that media such as photos, videos, and grips of the person, will not be counted against the limits of 140 limiting characters. A user photo post is used to calculate a large section of Tweet, about 24 characters. Attachments and links are no longer part of the character limit. In 2017, Twitter increased to a 280-limit limit tweet. Below the new limit, the glyphs are counted as a number of character variables, depending on their script from: most European letters and punctuation forms are counted as one character, while each CJK flying machine is counted as two, so only 140 glyphs can be used in tweet.
Trending topics
A word, phrase, or topic mentioned at a higher level than another is said to be a "trending topic". Trending topics are becoming popular either through joint efforts by users or because of an event that encourages people to talk about a particular topic. These topics help Twitter and its users understand what's going on in the world and people's opinions about it.
Trending topics are sometimes the result of attempts and manipulations by teenagers and adolescent fans of certain celebrities or cultural phenomena, especially musicians like Lady Gaga (known as Little Monsters), Justin Bieber (Beliebers), Rihanna (Rih Navy) and One Direction (Directioners), and Twilight (Twihards) and Harry Potter (Potterheads) series of novels. Twitter has changed the trends algorithm of the past to prevent this type of manipulation with limited success.
The Twitter web interface displays a list of trending topics in the sidebar on the home page, along with sponsored content (see picture).
Twitter often censures tags that are trends that are claimed to be offensive or offensive. Twitter censors #Thatsafrican and #thingsdarkiessay hashtags after users complain that they found offensive hashtags. It's alleged that Twitter deleted #NaMOinHyd from the trending list and added a hashtag sponsored by the Indian National Congress.
Adding and following content
There are many tools for adding content, monitoring content and conversations including Twitter TweetDeck, Salesforce.com, HootSuite, and Twitterfeed.com. In 2009, less than half of the posted tweets were posted using a web user interface with most users using third-party apps (based on an analysis of 500 million tweets by Sysomos).
Verified account
In June 2009, after being criticized by Kanye West and being sued by Tony La Russa for an invalid account run by impersonator, Twitter launched their 'Verified Accounts' program. Twitter states that an account with a verification badge shows "we have made contact with the person or entity of the account representing and verified that it was approved." After the beta period, Twitter stated in their FAQ that the company "proactively verifies accounts on an ongoing basis to make it easier for users to find who they are looking for" and that they "do not accept requests for verification from the general public."
In July 2016, Twitter announced a public application process to grant verified status to "if specified for public" account and the verification "does not imply support." In November 2017, Twitter continued to reject the verification of Julian Assange despite his request. In November 2017, the company suspended the verification process and announced plans to fix it in response to reactions after white nationalist Jason Kessler had his account verified on Twitter.
Verified status allows access to some features that are not available to other users, like just looking at mentions from other verified accounts.
In March 8, 2018 live-stream on Twitter's Periscope, Dorsey discusses the idea of ​​allowing each user to get a verified account. "The goal is to open the verification to everyone, and do it in a way that can be improved where [Twitter] is not blocking," Dorsey said. "And people can verify more facts about themselves, and we do not have to be judges or imply a bias on our part."
Mobile
Twitter has a mobile app for iPhone, iPad, Android, Windows 10, Windows Phone, BlackBerry, and Nokia S40. Users can also send tweets by sending SMS. In April 2017, Twitter introduced Twitter Lite , a progressive web app designed for regions with slow and unreliable Internet connections, less than one megabyte in size, designed for devices with limited storage capacity.
It has been released in countries with slow internet connections such as the Philippines.
Third-party apps
Over the years, Twitter has restricted the use of third-party apps that access services by applying a limit of 100,000 users per app. Since August 2010, third-party Twitter apps have been requested to use OAuth, an authentication method that does not require users to enter their passwords into the authentication application. This is done to improve security and improve the user experience.
Related title feature
This feature adds the website to the bottom of the permalink page tweet. If a website pinned a tweet into one of their stories, the tweet will show the website that mentions the tweet. This feature is added to Twitter so if viewers do not understand what tweet means, they can click on the site to read more about what people are talking about.
Polling
In 2015, Twitter began launching the ability to attach poll questions to tweets. The poll is open for up to 7 days, and voters are not personally identified.
Streaming video
In 2016, Twitter began to place a greater focus on live streaming video programs, hosted various events including the Republican and Democratic conventions during the US presidential campaign as part of a partnership with CBS News, Dreamhack and ESL eSports events, and won the bid for rights non-exclusive streaming to ten NFL Thursday Night Football matches in the 2016 season.
During an event in New York in May 2017, Twitter announced that it plans to build a 24-hour streaming video channel hosted within the service, displaying content from various partners. CEO Jack Dorsey stated that the digital video strategy is part of the goal that Twitter becomes "the first place anyone hears about anything important to them"; in the first quarter of 2017, Twitter had over 200 content partners, streaming over 800 hours of video through 450 events.
Twitter announced a number of new and expanded partnerships for its streaming video services at the event, including the Bloomberg, BuzzFeed, Cheddar ( Bell Opening and Closing Bell events, which were last introduced on the month October 2016) IMG Fashion (live fashion show), Live Nation Entertainment (streaming concert event), Major League Baseball (weekly online game stream, plus weekly program with live look-ins and coverage of trending stories), MTV and BET (Carpet coverage red for MTV Video Music Awards, MTV Movie & TV Awards, and BET Awards), NFL Network (news program Monday-Thursday
Usage
In March 2018, Twitter was ranked twelve of the most visited websites by Alexa web traffic analysis. Daily user estimates vary because companies do not publish statistics on active accounts. The February 2009 Compete.com blog post ranked Twitter as the third most-used social network based on a count of 6 million unique monthly visitors and 55 million monthly visits. In 2009, Twitter had a monthly user retention rate of forty percent. Twitter experienced an annual growth of 1.382 percent, up from 475,000 unique visitors in February 2008 to 7 million in February 2009. Twitter's annual growth rate declined from 7.8 percent in 2015 to 3.4 percent in 2017. April 2017 blog entries statista.com Twitter rankings as the most widely used social network based on the number of 319 million visitors each month. The global user base in 2017 is 328 million.
Demographics
In 2009, Twitter was mainly used by older adults who may not use other social sites before Twitter, said Jeremiah Owyang, an industry analyst who studies social media. "Adults just pursue what teenagers have been doing for years," he says. According to comScore, only eleven percent of twelve to seventeen-year-old Twitter users. comScore attributed it to Twitter's "early adopter period" when social networking first gained popularity in business settings and news outlets that appealed to most older users. However, comScore also stated in 2009 that Twitter has begun "filtering more into the mainstream", and "along with it comes celebrity culture like Shaq, Britney Spears and Ashton Kutcher joining the Twitterati ranks".
According to a study by Sysomos in June 2009, women made a slightly bigger Twitter demographic than men - fifty-three percent over forty-seven percent. It also states that five percent of users account for seventy-five percent of all activities, and that New York City has more Twitter users than other cities.
According to Quancast, twenty-seven million people in the United States use Twitter on September 3, 2009. Sixty-three percent of Twitter users are under thirty-five; sixty percent of Twitter users are Caucasian, but higher than average (compared to other Internet properties) are African American/black (sixteen percent) and Hispanic (eleven percent); fifty-eight percent of Twitter users have a total household income of at least US $ 60,000. The prevalence of African-American Twitter usage and in many popular tags has been the subject of research.
On September 7, 2011, Twitter announced that it has 100 million active users who log in at least once a month and 50 million active users every day.
In an article published on January 6, 2012, Twitter was confirmed to be the largest social media network in Japan, with Facebook following in second. comScore confirmed this, stating that Japan is the only country in the world where Twitter leads Facebook.
As of March 31, 2014, Twitter announced there were 255 million monthly active users (MAU) and 198 million mobile MAUs. In 2013, there are over 100 million active users who use Twitter every day and about 500 million Tweets every day, with about 29% of users checking Twitter multiple times a day.
In 2012, the country with the most active users on Twitter is the United States. The Pew 2016 research poll found that Twitter is used by 24% of all US online adults. It's equally popular with men and women (24% and 25% of Americans online respectively), but more popular with younger generation (36% from 18-29 years old).
Financial
Funding
Twitter garnered more than US $ 57 million from venture capital growth funding, although the exact figure was not publicly disclosed. The first of Twitter A funding round is for an undisclosed amount rumored to range from US $ 1 million to US $ 5 million. The second round of B funding in 2008 was US $ 22 million and the third round of C funding in 2009 was US $ 35 million from Institutional Venture Partners and Benchmark Capital together with an undisclosed amount from other investors including Union Square Ventures, Spark Capital, and Insight Venture Partners. Twitter is supported by Union Square Ventures, Digital Garage, Spark Capital, and Bezos Expedition.
In May 2008, Industrial Standards stated that Twitter's long-term viability was limited by a lack of revenue. Twitter board member Todd Chaffee predicted that the company could benefit from e-commerce, noting that users may want to buy items directly from Twitter because it already provides product recommendations and promotions.
In March 2009, communications consultant Bill Douglass estimated in an interview that Twitter would be worth $ 1 billion within six months, which will occur when the company closed its $ 1 billion financing round in September of that year.
The company raised US $ 200 million in new venture capital in December 2010, valuing around US $ 3.7 billion. In March 2011, 35,000 Twitter shares sold for US $ 34.50 each at Sharespost, an implied valuation of US $ 7.8 billion. In August 2010, Twitter announced a "significant" investment led by Digital Sky Technologies which, at a price of US $ 800 million, was reportedly the largest business round in history.
In December 2011, Saudi prince Alwaleed bin Talal invested US $ 300 million on Twitter. The company was worth US $ 8.4 billion at the time. In 2016, Twitter was valued by Forbes at a price of US $ 15.7 billion.
Source of revenue
In July 2009, several documents of growth and growth of Twitter users were published in TechCrunch after being illegally obtained by Hacker Croll. The document projects 2009 revenues of US $ 400,000 in the third quarter and US $ 4 million in the fourth quarter along with 25 million users by the end of the year. Projections for the end of 2013 are US $ 1.54 billion in revenue, US $ 111 million in net income, and one billion users. There is no information about how Twitter is planned to reach the published figures. In response, Twitter founder Biz Stone publishes a blog post that demonstrates possible legal action against hackers.
On April 13, 2010, Twitter announced plans to offer paid advertisements for companies that would be able to purchase "promoted tweets" to appear in selective search results on Twitter sites, similar to Google Adwords advertising models. On April 13th, Twitter announced it had listed a number of companies that wanted to advertise, including Sony Pictures, Red Bull, Best Buy, and Starbucks.
The company generated annual revenues of $ 45 million in 2010, after starting sales in the middle of that year; the company operates with losses of up to most of 2010.
Photos of users can generate royalty-free income for Twitter, and an agreement with World Entertainment News Network (WENN) was announced in May 2011. In June 2011, Twitter announced that it would offer self-service advertising systems to small businesses. Twitter generated US $ 139.5 million in advertising sales during 2011.
The self-service ad platform launched in March 2012 for members and merchants of American Express cards in the US on an invitation-only basis. Twitter then reports that many small businesses and people using self-service tools provide feedback indicating they are impressed with the feature. To continue their advertising campaigns, Twitter announced on March 20, 2012, that promoted tweets will be introduced to mobile devices. In April 2013, Twitter announced that its Twitter Advertising platform, which consists of promoted tweets and promoted accounts, is available to all U.S. users. without invitation.
Twitter's revenue statistics for the first quarter of 2014 are reported at US $ 250 million.
On August 3, 2016, Twitter launched Instant Opening Card, a new feature that encourages people to tweet about a brand to earn rewards and take advantage of social media network conversation ads. The format itself consists of pictures or videos with customizable call-to-action buttons and hashtags.
Technology
Implementation
Twitter relies heavily on open-source software. The Twitter Web interface uses the Ruby on Rails framework, which is used for performance enhanced Ruby Enterprise Edition implementations.
In the early days of Twitter, tweets were stored in temporary MySQL temporary database (large databases divided by time of posting). After a large volume of incoming tweets causes problems reading from and writing to this database, the company decides that the system requires reengineering.
On April 6, 2011, technicians tweeted that they had switched from their Ruby on Rails search stack to a Java server they call Blender.
From Spring 2007 to 2008, messages are handled by a Ruby permanent queue server called Starling. Since 2009, implementation has been gradually replaced with software written in Scala. The transition from Ruby to Scala and JVM has given Twitter a performance boost from 200-300 requests per second per host to around 10,000-20,000 requests per second per host. This increase is greater than the 10x increase that is alarmed by the technicians Twitter when initiating the transition. The continued development of Twitter also involves a shift from monolithic development from a single application to an architecture where different services are built independently and merged via a remote procedure call.
Individual tweets are listed under a unique ID using software called snowflake, and geolocation data is added using 'Rockdove'. The URL shortener t.co then checks the spam links and shortens the URL. Furthermore, tweets are stored in a MySQL database using Gizzard, and the user receives recognition that the tweet has been sent. Tweets are then sent to search engines via Firehose API. This process is managed by FlockDB and takes on average 350 ms .
On August 16, 2013, Raffi Krikorian, Vice President of Platform Designer Twitter, shared in a blog post that the company's infrastructure handled nearly 143,000 tweets per second during that week, setting a new record. Krikorian explains that Twitter achieved this record by integrating homegrown and open source technology.
The application programming API interface (API) enables web services and other applications to integrate with Twitter.
Interface
As of April 30, 2009, Twitter customized its web interface, added search bar and sidebar "trending topics" - the most common phrases that appear in messages. Biz Stone explains that all messages are instantly indexed and that "with this newly launched feature, Twitter has become something of an unexpected importance - the discovery engine to find out what is happening right now."
In March 2012, Twitter became available in Arabic, Farsi, Hebrew, and Urdu, the first right-to-left language version of the site. Around 13,000 volunteers helped translate menu options. In August 2012, beta support for Basque, Czech, and Greek was added, making the site available in 33 different languages.
Out
When Twitter experienced blackouts, the user once saw a picture of a "failed whale" error created by Yiying Lu, depicting eight orange birds using a net to move the whales from the ocean under the heading "Too many tweets! Please wait a minute and try again." In a WIRED interview In November 2013, Chris Fry, VP of Engineering at the time, noted that the company had taken "failed whales" from production because the platform was now more stable.
Twitter has about ninety-eight percent of its operating time in 2007 (or about six full-time stops). Stopping time is especially noticeable during popular events with technology industries such as the 2008 Macworld Conference & amp; Publish the keynote address.
Privacy, security and harassment
Twitter messages are public, but users can also send private messages. Information about who has opted-in to the account and who the users who have opted-in is also public, although the account can be changed to "protected" which limits this information (and all tweets) to approved followers. Twitter collects personally identifiable information about its users and shares it with third parties as specified in its privacy policy. The Service also reserves the right to sell this information as an asset if the company changes hands. Although Twitter does not display ads, advertisers can target users based on their tweet history and can quote tweets in ads intended exclusively for users.
The security vulnerability was reported on April 7, 2007 by Nitesh Dhanjani and Rujith. Because Twitter uses the SMS sender's phone number as authentication, malicious users can update the status page of others by using SMS spoofing. Vulnerabilities can be used if the spoofers know the phone number registered to their victim's account. Within weeks of this discovery, Twitter introduced an optional personal identification number (PIN) that users could use to authenticate their messages from SMS.
On January 5, 2009, 33 high profile Twitter accounts were compromised after a Twitter administrator's password was guessed with a dictionary attack. Falseified tweets - including sexually explicit and drug-related messages - are sent from these accounts.
Twitter launched the beta version of their "Verified Accounts" service on June 11, 2009, which allowed famous people or famous people to announce their account name. The home page of this account displays a badge that shows their status.
In May 2010, a bug was discovered by? Nci SÃÆ'¶zlÃÆ'¼k which can allow Twitter users to force others to follow them without the consent or knowledge of other users. For example, Conan O'Brien's comedian account, which has been set to only follow one person, was changed to receive nearly 200 malicious subscriptions.
In response to Twitter security breaches, the United States Federal Trade Commission (FTC) filed a lawsuit against the service; The allegations were resolved on June 24, 2010. This is the first time the FTC has taken action against the social network for security lapses. The settlement requires Twitter to take a number of steps to secure the user's personal information, including the maintenance of a "comprehensive information security program" for independently audited twice a year.
On December 14, 2010, the United States Department of Justice issued a lawsuit directing Twitter to provide information for accounts registered or linked to WikiLeaks. Twitter decided to notify its users and said in a statement, "... it is our policy to notify users of law enforcement and government requests for their information, unless we are prevented by law to do so."
Exploit "MouseOver" occurred on September 21, 2010, when XSS Worm was active on Twitter. When a user holds the mouse cursor over the blackened parts of the tweet, the worm in the script will automatically open the link and re-post itself in the reader's account. Exploits are then reused to post pop-up ads and links to pornographic sites. The origin of the worm is unclear, but Pearce H. Delphin (known on Twitter as @zzap) and Scandinavian developer Magnus Holm both claim to have modified the associated exploits discovered by other users (probably Masato Kinugawa) who use them to make colored Tweets. Kinugawa, a Japanese developer, reported the XSS vulnerability to Twitter on August 14. Then, when he finds it exploited again, he creates a 'RainbowTwtr' account and uses it to post color messages. Delphin says he exposes the security gap by tweeting JavaScript functions for "onMouseOver", and Holm then creates and posts XSS Worms that automatically re-tweet themselves. Security firm Sophos reported that the virus was spread by people who did it for "fun and games", but noted it could be exploited by cyber criminals. Twitter issued a statement on their status blog at 13:50 UTC that "The exploit is fully patched." Twitter representative Carolyn Penner said there was no cost to be pressed.
In May 2011, the plaintiff known as "CTB" in the case of CTB v Twitter Inc., the Unknown Party took action against Twitter in the High Court of England, requesting that the company release the holders account details. This was followed by gossip posted on Twitter about Giggs's personal life. This led to the controversy of UK privacy protection 2011 and "super-orders". Tony Wang, head of Twitter in Europe, said that people who do "bad things" on the site need to defend themselves under the laws of their own jurisdiction in terms of controversy, and that the site will submit information about users to authorities when legally required to do it. He also suggested that Twitter would approve a UK court order to divulge the names of users responsible for "illegal activity" on the site.
Twitter will be acquired Dasient, a startup that offers malware protection for businesses, in January 2012. Twitter announces plans to use Dasient to help remove hateful advertisers on websites. Twitter also offers a feature that allows tweets to be deleted selectively by country, before deleted tweets are used to be deleted in all countries. The first use of this policy was to block the German neo-Nazi group Besseres Hannover's account on October 18, 2012. The policy was used again the next day to remove anti-Semitic French tweets with the hashtag #unbonjuif ("a good Jew"). In February 2012, a third party public key encryption application (written in Python and partially funded by a grant from the Shuttleworth Foundation) for private messages on Twitter, CrypTweet, was released. A month later Twitter announced it would implement the "Do Not Track" privacy option, a cookie blocking feature found in the Mozilla Firefox browser. The "Do Not Track" feature only works on sites that have approved the service.
As of August 2012, it was reported that there was a market in fake Twitter followers that was used to increase the popularity of politicians and celebrities. The dark market for fake followers, known as "bots", has been associated with "almost every related political account from the White House to Congress for a campaign trail of 2016". In June 2014, POLITICO analyzed Twitter to deal with the highest counterfeit rate of followers: US President Barack Obama with 46.8 percent, Democratic National Committee Chairperson Debbie Wasserman Schultz with 35.1 percent, and Senator John McCain with 23.6 percent. Perpetrators who work to generate false followers, or "bots", including campaign workers or political candidates. One site offers 1,000 false followers for $ 20. The people who created the "bots" often come from Eastern Europe and Asia. In 2013, two Italian researchers counted 10 percent of the total accounts on Twitter is a "bot", but other estimates have put that number higher.
After a number of high profile official account hacks, including Associated Press and The Guardian accounts, in April 2013, Twitter announced a two-factor sign-in verification as an additional action against hacking. In August Twitter announced plans to introduce a "report abuse" button for all versions of the site following the noise, including a 100,000 signature petition, over Tweets including rape and death threats against historian Mary Beard, feminist campaigner Caroline Criado Perez and its members. parliament Stella Creasy. Following the sharing of images showing the murder of American journalist James Foley in 2014, Twitter says that in certain cases it will remove images of people who have died after requests from family members and "authorized individuals".
Twitter announces new reporting and blocking policies in December 2014, including a blocking mechanism designed by Randi Harper, GamerGate's target. In February 2015, CEO Dick Costolo said he was 'really embarrassed' on how bad Twitter handles trolling and abuse, and admits Twitter has lost users as a result.
By 2015, following updated terms of service and privacy policy, Twitter users outside the United States are legally served by Ireland-based Twitter International Company, not Twitter, Inc. These changes make these users subject to Irish and EU data protection. law
In 2016, Twitter announced the creation of Twitter Trust & amp; Safety Board to help "ensure that people feel safe expressing themselves on Twitter." The prime members of the board include 50 organizations and individuals.
On May 5, 2018, Twitter sent an update/email to every customer regarding a bug that stores passwords unmasked in the internal logs. According to them, the investigation showed no indication of violation or abuse but advised everyone to change their password.
Open source
Twitter has a history of both using and releasing open source software while addressing the technical challenges of their services. A page in their developer documentation thank you dozens of open source projects they have used, from revision control software like Git to programming languages ​​like Ruby and Scala. Software released as open source by the company includes Gizzard Scala framework for creating distributed datastore, distributed FlockDB graphics database, Finagle library for building asynchronous RPC servers and servers, TwUI user interface framework for iOS, and client side Bower client packages. The popular Twitter Bootstrap web design library also starts on Twitter and is the second most popular repository in GitHub.
Innovator patent agreement
On April 17, 2012, Twitter announced it would implement "Patent Innovator Agreement" which requires Twitter to use only its patents for defense purposes. This agreement is valid in 2012.
URL shortener
t.co is a URL shortening service created by Twitter. This is only available for links posted to Twitter and not available for general use. All links posted to Twitter using tile wrappers Twitter hopes that this service will be able to protect users from malicious sites, and will use them to track clicks on links in tweets.
After using TinyURL and bit.ly third-party services, Twitter began experimenting with its own URL shortening service for private messages in March 2010 using the twt.tl domain, before buying a domain t.co. This service is tested on the main site using @TwitterAPI, @rsarver and @raffi accounts. On September 2, 2010, an email from Twitter to users said they would expand the service launch to users. On June 7, 2011, Twitter announced that they launched the feature.
Integrated photo sharing service
On June 1, 2011, Twitter announced its own integrated photo sharing service that allows users to upload photos and attach them to Tweets directly from Twitter.com. Users now also have the ability to add images to Twitter search by adding hashtags to tweets. Twitter also plans to provide photo galleries designed to collect and syndicate all user-uploaded photos on Twitter and third-party services such as TwitPic.
Twitterbots
Twitterbot is a computer program that automatically posts on Twitter, they are programmed to tweet, retweet, and follow other accounts. According to the latest report, there are 20 million, less than 5%, fake Twitter accounts in 2013. These counterfeit accounts are often used to build large populations of followers quickly for advertisers, while others respond to tweets that include words or phrases. The wide open Twitter application programming interface and cloud server allow the existence of twitterbots in social networking sites.
Developer
Twitter is recognized for having one of the most open and powerful developer APIs of any major technology company. The developers interest on Twitter soon began after its launch, prompting the company to release its first version of its public API in September 2006. The API quickly became an icon as a reference implementation for public REST APIs and much cited in the programming tutorial.
From 2006 to 2010, the Twitter developer platform experienced strong growth and excellent reputation. Developers built on top of the public API to create the first Twitter phone client and also the first URL shortener. Between 2010 and 2012, however, Twitter made a number of decisions that were poorly received by the developer community. In 2010, Twitter mandated that all developers adopt OAuth authentication with just 9 weeks notice. Later that year, Twitter launched its own URL shortener, in direct competition with some of the most famous third-party developers. And in 2012, Twitter introduced strict usage restrictions for its API, "completely crippling" some developers. While these measures managed to improve the stability and security of the service, they were widely regarded as enemies to developers, causing them to lose confidence in the platform.
In an effort to rearrange its relationship with developers, Twitter acquired Crashlytics on January 28, 2013 at a price of more than USD $ 100 million, the largest acquisition to date. Founded by Jeff Seibert and Wayne Chang, Crashlytics is rapidly gaining popularity as a tool to help mobile developers identify and fix bugs in their apps. Twitter is committed to continuing to support and expand its services.
In October 2014, Twitter announced Fabric, a set of mobile developer tools built around Crashlytics. Fabric brings together Crashlytics, Answers (mobile app analytics), Beta (mobile app distribution), Digits (mobile app identity and authentication services), MoPub, and TwitterKit (signed in with Twitter and Tweet display functionality) into a single, modular SDK developers to select and choose the features they need while ensuring easy installation and compatibility. By building Fabric over Crashlytics, Twitter is able to capitalize on the adoption and footprint of the massive Crashlytics tool to accelerate the use of MoPub and TwitterKit. Fabric achieved active distribution on 1 billion mobile devices only 8 months after its release.
In early 2016, Twitter announced that Fabric was installed in over 2 billion active devices and used by over 225,000 developers. Fabric is recognized as # 1's most popular crash report and also the # 1 mobile analytics solution among the top 200 iOS apps, beating Google Analytics, Flurry, and MixPanel.
Society
Issues and controversy
Twitter has been used for many purposes in many industries and scenarios. For example, it has been used to organize protests, sometimes referred to as "Twitter Revolutions", which include April April protests Moldovan parliament, 2009 student protests in Austria, 2009 Gaza-Israel conflict, 2009 Iranian green revolution 2009 Toronto G20, Bolivarian Revolution 2010 , 2011 United States of America Occupy Movement, 2011 Anti-austerity movement in Spain, movement Aganaktismenoi Greece 2011, Rome 2011 Italian demonstration, Wisconsin working protest 2011, Gaza-Israel conflict 2012, 2013 protests in Brazil, 2013 Gezi Park protests. The result of Iran's election protests saw the Iranian government block Twitter in censorship.
The
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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