The access network is a type of telecommunications network that connects customers to their direct service provider. This is in contrast to core networks , (eg Network Switching Subsystem in GSM) that connects local providers to each other. Access networks can be further divided between feeder plants or distribution networks, and drop plants or edge networks.
Video Access network
Inheritance phone
The access network, also referred to as an outside factory, refers to a series of cables, cables and equipment located between the consumer/business phone termination point (the point at which the telephone connection reaches the customer) and the local telephone exchange. The local exchange contains a bank of automatic switching equipment that directs calls or connections to consumers. The access network is probably one of the oldest assets owned by telecom operators.
In 2007-2008 many telecom operators experienced an increasing problem in maintaining the quality of records depicting the network. In 2006, according to an independent Yankee Group report, global operators experienced a profit leak of more than $ 17 billion each year.
Access networks may also be the most valuable assets that operators have, because this is what physically allows them to offer services.
Access networks consist mostly of copper wire pairs, each running on a direct line between the exchange and the customer. In some cases, these cables can even consist of aluminum, which is usually used in the 1960s and 1970s following a massive increase in the cost of copper. As it happens, the price increase is only temporary, but the effect of this decision is still felt today because electromigration in aluminum wire can lead to increased resistance to the state. This resistance causes degradation which may eventually lead to complete failure of the wire to transport data.
Access is essential for future profits from operators who experience substantial reductions in revenues from regular telephone services, in part because of the historically nationalized opening of companies for the competition, and in part to increase mobile and voice over IP (VoIP) usage. ) services. Operators offer additional services such as xDSL-based broadband and IPTV (Internet Protocol Television) to ensure benefits. Network access again becomes a major barrier to achieving this advantage because operators worldwide have accurate records of only 40% to 60% of the network. Without understanding or even knowing the enormous characteristics of this copper spider web, it is extremely difficult, and costly to 'provide' (connect) new customers and ensure the data rates required to receive next generation services.
Worldwide network access has evolved to include more fiber optic technology. Fiber optics already form the majority of the core network and will start creeping closer and closer to the customer, until a full transition is achieved, providing fiber-to-home value added services (FTTH).
Maps Access network
Access process
The process of communicating with a network begins with an access attempt , in which one or more users interact with a communication system to enable the initiation of the transfer of user information. The access attempt itself starts with the publication of access requests by access author .
Access attempts end either in successful access or in access failures - unsuccessful access resulting in termination of effort by any means other than initiation of the transfer of user information between the destination source and destination (sink) within the maximum access time which is determined.
Access failure may result from access disruption, user blocking, improper access, or access denying. Rejection access ( system blocking ) may include:
- Access failures caused by expenditure of system blocking signals by communication systems that do not have a busy signal feature in the camp.
- Access failures caused by exceeding maximum access time and fraction of nominal system access time during access attempts.
Charging for access
An access fee is a fee made by a local exchange operator for the use of its local exchange facility for purposes such as origination or cessation of network traffic brought to or from a remote exchange by a carrier exchange.
Although some access fees are billed directly to the interexchange operator, a significant percentage of all access fees are paid by the local end-user.
Mobile access networks
- GERAN
- UTRAN
- E-UTRAN
- CDMA2000
- GSM
- UMTS
- 1xEVDO
- voLTE
- Wi-Fi in * WiMAX
Optical distribution network
A passive optical distribution network (PON) uses a single mode optical fiber in an outside plant, optical splitter and optical distribution frame, duplexing so that both upstream and downstream signals share the same fiber at separate wavelengths. The faster PON standards generally support higher user-per-PON division ratios, but can also use remote extenders/amplifiers where additional coverage is required. The optical splitter that creates a point to multipoint topology is also the same technology regardless of the PON system type, making the PON network upgradable by changing the ONT and OLT terminals at each end, with minimal changes to the physical network.
Network access typically also has to support point-to-point technology such as Ethernet, which passes through an off-factory splitter to get a special link to the telephone exchange. Some PON networks use a "home run" topology where roadside cabinets contain only patch panels so that all splitters are located centrally. While a 20% higher capital cost can be expected, the home-run network can drive a wholesale market more competitive because the provider's equipment can achieve higher usage.
See also
- Internet access
- IP Connectivity Access Network
- Local circles
- Passive Optical Network
References
External links
- "The Network Story". British Telecom. 2005. Archived from the original on May 5, 2010. Ã, Interactive presentation introduces access network design and technology
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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