Daniel O'Connell (Ireland: DÃÆ'³nall ÃÆ' "Conaill ; 6 August 1775 - May 15, 1847), often referred to as Liberator or Emancipator , was an Irish political leader in the first half of the 19th century.He campaigned for Catholic emancipation - including the right for Catholics to sit in the Westminster Parliament, was rejected for more from 100 years - and revoked the Unity Act that incorporates Great Britain and Ireland.
Throughout his career in Irish politics, O'Connell was able to gain a large following among the Irish masses to support him and the Catholic Association. O'Connell's main strategy is one of political reformism, working within the structure of the British state parliament in Ireland and forming a comfort alliance with Whig. A more radical element broke with O'Connell to find Young Ireland's movement.
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O'Connell was born in Carhan near Cahersiveen, County Kerry, to O'Connells of Derrynane, the once wealthy Roman Catholic family, who had lost his land. Among his uncles was Daniel Charles, Count O'Connell, an officer in the Irish Brigade of the French Army. A famous aunt is EibhlÃÆ'n Dubh NÃÆ' Chonaill, while Sir James O'Connell, 1st Baronet, is his younger brother. Under the protection of his prosperous uncle, Uncle Maurice "Hunting Cap" O'Connell. O'Connell was first sent with his brother Maurice to Reddington Academy on Long Island, near Queenstown (Cobh) They both studied at Douai in France from 1790 and O'Connell was accepted as a lawyer at Lincoln's Inn in 1794, moving to Dublin's King's Inn two years then. In his early years, he became acquainted with radical pro-democracy at the time and committed to bringing religious equality and tolerance to his own country.
While in Dublin studying for the law, O'Connell was under the instruction of Uncle Maurice not to engage in militia activities. When the French invasion fleet Wolfe Tone entered Bantry Bay in December 1796, O'Connell found himself in a quandary. Politics is the cause of his helplessness. Dennis Gwynn in his book Daniel O'Connell: The Irish Liberator suggests that the impartiality was because he was listed as a volunteer in government defense, but the government intensified the persecution of Catholics - from which he was. He wants to go to Parliament, but every allowance Catholics await in anticipation, two years earlier, is now heavily rewarded.
As a law student, O'Connell was aware of his own talent, but the higher ranks of the Bar were closed to him. He read the Jockey Club as an overview of the British governing class and was convinced by him that, "the deputy reigns victory in British courts today, the spirit of freedom shrinks to protect property from the attacks of French innovators. High corrupt commandments vibrate for their ferocious pleasure. "
O'Connell's research at that time has focused on Ireland's legal and political history, and the debate from the Historical Society concerns government records, and from this he concludes, according to one of his biographers, "in Ireland the whole Government policy is to suppress the people and to defend the rightful and corrupt minority power. "
On January 3, 1797, in an alarming mood over France's invasion fleet in Bantry Bay, he wrote to his uncle saying that he was his last partner to join the volunteer corps and 'be young, active, healthy and single' he could offer no reasonable excuse. Later that month, for the sake of wisdom, he joined the Artillery Corps of Lawyers.
On May 19, 1798, O'Connell was summoned to the Irish Bar and became a lawyer. Four days later, the United Irishmen launched their revolt toppled by the British with great bloodshed. O'Connell does not support rebellion; he believes that the Irish people must assert themselves politically rather than by violence.
He went to the Munster circuit, and for more than a decade, he entered a period of fairly quiet private law practice in southern Ireland. He is considered to have the greatest incomes of any Irish lawyer, but, due to the natural luxuries and growing families, usually in debt - his brother says that Daniel is full of debt throughout his life from the age of seventeen. Although he eventually inherited Derrynane from his uncle, Maurice, the old man lived for nearly 100 years and in that event Daniel's legacy did not cover his debt.
He also cursed Robert Emmet 1803 Rebellion. Of Emmet, a Protestant, he wrote: 'A man who can calmly prepare so much bloodshed, so many murders - and such horror has ceased to be the object of compassion.'
Despite his opposition to the use of force, he is willing to defend those accused of political crimes, especially if he suspects that they have been falsely accused, as in the 1829 Doneraile conspiracy hearing, his final appearance at the Court. He is famous for his courage in the Court: if he thinks badly of a judge (as is often the case) he does not hesitate to explain this. The most famous is probably the answer to Baron McClelland, who has said that as a lawyer will never take a course that O'Connell has adopted: O'Connell says that McClelland never became his model as a lawyer, nor would he take the direction of him as a judge. He had no shortage of ambition to be a judge himself: in particular he was interested in the position of the Master of the Rolls in Ireland, but although he was offered more than once, was eventually rejected.
Maps Daniel O'Connell
Campaigning for Catholic emancipation
O'Connell returned to politics in the 1810s. In 1811, he founded the Catholic Council, which campaigned for Catholic emancipation, that is, an opportunity for Irish Catholics to become members of parliament. In 1823, he founded the Catholic Association which embraced other goals for better Irish Catholics, such as election reform, Irish Church reform, tenant rights, and economic development.
The association is funded by a membership fee of one cent per month, a minimal amount designed to attract Catholic farmers. His subscriptions were very successful, and the Association collected large sums of money in the first year. The money was used to campaign for Catholic emancipation, in particular funding the pro-emancipation of MPs (MPs) who stood for the British House of Commons.
Members of the Association were responsible for prosecution under eighteenth-century laws, and the Crown moved to suppress the Association with a series of prosecutions, with varying success. O'Connell has often been briefed for defense, and shows tremendous power in pleading for the rights of Catholics to argue for emancipation. He clashed repeatedly with William Saurin, the Attorney General for Ireland and the most influential figure in the Dublin administration, and the political differences between the two men were driven by a bitter sense of personal antipathy.
In 1815 a serious event in his life took place. The Dublin Corporation is considered a Protestant and O'Connell defense fortress, in a speech of 1815, calling it a "beggar enterprise". Its members and leaders are angry and because O'Connell will not apologize, one of them, twelveing ​​John D'Esterre, challenges him. The duel has filled the Dublin Castle (from which the British Government administered Ireland) with a thrilling excitement at the prospect that O'Connell will be killed. They regard O'Connell as "worse than a public annoyance," and would welcome any prospect of seeing him removed at this point.
O'Connell meets D'Esterre and badly injured him (he was shot in the hip, bullet then stays on his stomach), in a duel at Oughterard, County Kildare. His conscience is bitter due to the fact that, not only did he kill a man, but he has left his family almost poor.
O'Connell offered to "share his income" with D'Esterre's widow, but he refused; However, he agreed to receive an allowance for his daughter, which O'Connell paid regularly for over thirty years until his death. The dueling memories haunt him for the rest of his life, and he refuses to fight the other, ready to risk cowardly accusations rather than killing again.
As part of his campaign for Catholic emancipation, O'Connell created the Catholic Association in 1823; this organization acts as a pressure group against the British government to achieve emancipation. The Catholic Rent, founded in 1824 by O'Connell and the Catholic Church, raised funds from which O'Connell could help finance the Catholic Association in encouraging its emancipation. The official opinion gradually swung toward emancipation, as demonstrated by the abrogation of William Saurin's conclusions, the Attorney General, and the opponents of religious tolerance, which O'Connell calls "our arch-enemy."
O'Connell participated in an election at the British House of Commons in 1828 for County Clare for seats emptied by William Vesey Fitzgerald, another supporter of the Catholic Association.
After O'Connell wins the election, he can not take his seat because MPs must take the Oath of Supremacy, which is incompatible with Catholicism. The Prime Minister, Duke of Wellington, and Interior Minister Sir Robert Peel, despite their opposition to Catholic participation in Parliament, saw that denying O'Connell his chair would cause anger and could lead to another uprising or uprising in Ireland, which is about 85% Catholic.
Peel and Wellington convinced George IV that the Catholic emancipation and the rights of Catholics and Presbyterians and members of all Christian religions other than the Church of Ireland established to sit in Parliament need to be established; with the help of Whig, it became law in 1829.
However, the Emancipation Act is not made retrospectively, which means that O'Connell must seek re-election or to take the oath of supremacy. When O'Connell tried on May 15 to take his seat without taking the oath of supremacy, General Lawyer Nicholas Conyngham Tindal moved his position vacant and another election ordered; O'Connell was elected unopposed on July 30, 1829.
He took his seat when Parliament returned in February 1830, when Henry Charles Howard, 13th Duke of Norfolk and Earl of Surrey, had become the first Roman Catholic to take advantage of the Emancipation Act and sit in Parliament.
"Wellington is the King of England", King George IV once complained, "O'Connell is the King of Ireland, and I am just the dean of Windsor." The regal jest reveals the general admiration for O'Connell at the height of his career.
The Catholic emancipation campaign led by O'Connell serves as a precedent and an example to the emancipation of British Jews, the next Jewish Relief Act 1858 which allows Jewish MPs to remove words in the Oath of Loyalty "and I make this Declaration of the True Faith. a Christian ".
Tithe War
Ironically, given O'Connell's dedication to peaceful methods of political agitation, his greatest political achievement ushered in a period of violence in Ireland. There is an obligation for those who work on the ground to support the established Church ( ie , United Kingdom Church and Ireland) with payments known as tithes. The fact that most of those working in Ireland are Catholic or Presbyterian tenant farmers, supporting what is a minority religion on the island (but not Britain as a whole) has caused tension for some time.
In December 1830, he and several others were tried for meeting as an association or group that violated Lord Lieutenant's orders from Ireland, but the law ended because judgment and prosecution were stopped by the court.
The initially peaceful non-payment campaign turned violent in 1831 when the newly founded Irish Constabulary was used to seize property in lieu of payments that resulted in the Tithe War of 1831-36.
Despite opposing the use of force, O'Connell managed to defend the participants in the Battle of Carrickshock and all accused were released. Nevertheless O'Connell rejected William Sharman Crawford's request for the utmost elimination of the tithe in 1838, because he felt he could not embarrass the Whig (the Lichfield House Compact secured an alliance between Whig, radical and Irish lawmaker in 1835).
In 1841, Daniel O'Connell became the first Roman Catholic Mayor of Dublin since the reign of James II, who has become the last Roman Catholic king in England, Ireland and Scotland.
Campaign for Union retraction
After the Catholic emancipation was reached, O'Connell campaigned to repeal the Unity Act, which in 1801 had combined the Royal Parliament of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom and Ireland. To campaign for repeal, O'Connell founded the Revocation Association. He argues for the re-creation of an independent Kingdom of the Kingdom of Ireland to rule himself, with Queen Victoria as Queen of Ireland.
To encourage this, he organized a series of "Meeting Monster" in many areas outside Protestant and the predominantly Unionist Ulster province. They were so called because each was attended by about 100,000 people. The rally involved British Government and Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel to ban a proposed monster meeting in Clontarf, County Dublin, just outside Dublin city in 1843. This move comes after the biggest monster meeting held in Tara.
Tara is very important to the inhabitants of Ireland because it is the historic place of the Highest Kings of Ireland. Clontarf is a symbol due to his relationship with the Clontarf Battle in 1014, when Irish King Brian Boru defeated his rival Maelmordha, though Brian himself died during the battle. Despite the appeals of his supporters, O'Connell refused to oppose the authorities and he canceled the meeting, as he did not want to risk the bloodshed and have no one else. He was arrested, accused of conspiracy and sentenced to a year in jail and a fine of £ 2,000, even though he was released after three months by the House of Lords, who overturned his convictions and criticized the injustices of the trial. After losing himself from the most powerful weapon, meeting the monster, O'Connell with his failing health has no plans and a row broke out at the Association of Retractments.
Legacy
O'Connell died of softening the brain in 1847 in Genoa, Italy, on a pilgrimage to Rome at the age of 71; his prison term had weakened him, and the cold weather he had to endure on his journey was probably the final blow. According to his dying wish, his heart was buried in Rome (at Sant'Agata dei Goti, then the Irish College chapel), and the rest of his body at Glasnevin Cemetery in Dublin, under a round tower. Her children are buried in her cellar.
On August 6, 1875, Charles Herbert Mackintosh won the gold and silver medal offered by St Patrick's Society during the 17th century O'Connell at Major's Hill Park in Ottawa, Ontario for a poetry prize entitled The Irish Liberator i>.
O'Connell's philosophy and career has inspired leaders around the world, including Mahatma Gandhi (1869-1948) and Martin Luther King (1929-1968). He was told by William Makepeace Thackeray (1811-1863) "You have done more for your country than anyone since Washington ever did." William Gladstone (1809-1898) described him as "the greatest popular leader ever in the world." Honorà © de Balzac (1799-1850) writes that "Napoleon and O'Connell were the only great men ever seen in the 19th century." Jean-Henri Merle d'Aubignà ©  © (1794-1872) wrote that "the only person like Luther, in the power he holds is O'Connell." William Grenville (1759-1834) writes that "history will speak of him as one of the most remarkable men who ever lived." O'Connell met, became friends, and became a great inspiration to Frederick Douglass (1818-1895) a former American slave who became the leader of the abolitionist movement, the social reformer, the influential orator, author and statesman. O'Connell's attacks on slavery were done with his usual strength, and often gave him big offenses, especially in the United States: he called George Washington a hypocrite, and was challenged to duel by Andrew Stevenson, the American Minister, whom he reportedly referred to as a slave farmer. Despite his opposition to slavery, O'Connell, in the words of Lee Jenkins in his 1999 article Irish Beyond the Pale: Frederick Douglass in Cork, "" received money for the reason of his Revocation. the owners of Southern slaves. "
Historian Michael Tierney says he: A remarkable orator, a moderate but creative radical, an uncompromising man in peaceful agitation, he is recognized as the first to reconcile modern democratic principles with Catholicism and can be cited as the pioneer of the movement- modern Christian democratic movement.
However, the founder of the Irish Labor Party and executing Rising Easter leader James Connolly, devotes a chapter in his 1910 book "Labor in Irish History" entitled "A chapter of horror: Daniel O'Connell and the working class." in which he criticized O'Connell's parliamentary record, accusing him of being consistent with the interests of the English-owned classes. And Patrick Pearse, Connolly's colleague of the Easter Rising, wrote: "The leaders in Ireland almost always leave people at a critical moment. (...) O'Connell retreats before the cannons in Clontarf" despite adding "I do not blame people - this person, you or I may have done the same thing.It is a terrible responsibility to be thrown at a man, that of the offer of talking cannons and grapeshot pour ".
In O'Connell's lifetime, the goal of his Revocation Association - an independent Kingdom of the Irish Empire regulating himself but defending the British king as Head of State - proved too radical for the British government at that time to accept, and bring to O 'The persecution and repression of Connell.
O'Connell is known in Ireland as "The Liberator" or "The Great Emancipator" for his success in achieving Catholic Emancipation. O'Connell admired the Latin American liberator SimÃÆ'³n BolÃÆ'var, and one of his sons, Morgan O'Connell, was a volunteer officer in the BolÃÆ'var army in 1820, aged 15 years. The main street in central Dublin, formerly called Sackville Street, was renamed. O'Connell Street in his honor in the early 20th century after the Irish Free State was formed. The statue (made by sculptor John Henry Foley, who also designed the Albert Memorial statue in London) stood at one end of the street, with a statue of Charles Stewart Parnell at the other end.
Limerick's main street is also named O'Connell, also with a statue at the end (in the middle of the Crescent). O'Connell Streets is also in Ennis, Sligo, Athlone, Kilkee, Clonmel. Dungarvan and Waterford. The Daniel O'Connell Bridge was built on the Ophir River, Central Otago, New Zealand in 1880.
There is a statue that honors O'Connell outside St. Patrick's Cathedral in Melbourne, Australia. There is a museum that commemorates him in Derrynane House, near the village of Derrynane, County Kerry, which was once owned by his family. He is a member of the Literary Association of Friends of Poland as well.
Family
In 1802 O'Connell married his third cousin, Mary O'Connell. It was a marriage of love, and to endure it was a considerable act of courage, for Daniel's uncle, Maurice, was furious (because Mary had no luck) and temporarily threatened to uproot their inheritance. They have four daughters (three survivors), Ellen (1805-1883), Catherine (1808), Elizabeth (1810), and Rickarda (1815) and four sons. Children - Maurice (1803), Morgan (1804), John (1810), and Daniel (1816) - all sit in Parliament. The marriage was happy and Mary's death in 1837 was a blow to which her husband never fully recovered. He is a dutiful father; O'FaolÃÆ'¡in states that although he has many acquaintances, he has several close friends and therefore a family circle means a lot to him.
Connection with licensed trading
O'Connell assisted his younger son, Daniel junior, to acquire the Phoenix Brewery at James's Street, Dublin in 1831. The brewery produced a brand known as "O'Connell's Ale" and enjoyed popularity. In 1832, O'Connell was forced to declare that he would not be a political patron of his brewing or son's business until he was no longer a member of parliament, mainly because O'Connell and Arthur Guinness were political enemies. Guinness is a "moderate" liberal candidate, O'Connell is a radical "radical" candidate. The rivalry led to dozens of Irish companies boycotting Guinness during the 1841 Reproductive election. It was at this time that Guinness was accused of supporting the "Orange system", and his beer was known as the "Protestant introduction." When the O'Connell family left the brewery, the rights to "O'Connell Dublin Ale" were sold to John D'Arcy. The brewing business proved unsuccessful, and after several years was taken over by manager John Brennan, while Daniel junior embraced political career. Brennan changed the name back to Brewery Phoenix but continued to make and sell O'Connell's Ale. When the Phoenix Brewery was effectively closed after being absorbed into the Guinness complex in 1909, O'Connell's Ale brewing was done by John D'Arcy and Son Ltd at the Anchor Brewery on Usher Street. In 1926, D'Arcy's trade ceased and firm Watkins, Jameson and Pim continued brewing until they also succumbed to the pressure to try to compete with Guinness.
Daniel junior is chairman of the committee of licensed trade associations of the period and provides Daniel O'Connell with great and valuable support in his public life. Sometime later there was a fight and O'Connell turned his back on the association and became a strong supporter of simplicity. During the Fr. Mathent's total abstinence crusades are widely held in simplicity, the most famous being the big rally held at St. Patrick's Day in 1841. Daniel O'Connell was a guest of honor at another rally held at Rotunda Hospital.
Comment on emancipation
Michael Doheny, in his book The Felon's Track , says that the enormous emancipation character has taken "excessive and false guise" and it is a mistake to call it emancipation. He goes on to say that it is not the first or the last or even the most important in the concession, who is entitled to the name of emancipation, and that no one remembers those who are exertion " extorting from the reluctant spirit of a much more time darkness of the right to life, worship, enjoying property, and running franchises. "Doheny's opinion is that the punishment of" Criminal Law "has long been removed, and the barbaric code has been compressed into an exclusively cold and dense, but Mr. O'Connell monopolizing all his fame. The view expressed by John Mitchel, also one of the leading members of the Young Ireland movement, in his "Jail Prison" is that there are two different movements in Ireland during this period, which arouse people, one of which is the Relief of Catholic Agitation (led by O'Connell), which is open and legitimate, the other is a secret society known as the Ribbon and the White Whites movement. The first proposed the acceptance of professional and courteous Catholics to Parliament and for the honor of the profession, all under English law - others, deriving from the horrors and disobedience of English law, contemplating nothing less than social, and ultimately, a political revolution. According to Mitchel, for fear of the latter, Great Britain with "very bad grace produces the first". Mitchel agrees that Sir Robert Peel and Duke of Wellington say they bring this measure, to avoid a civil war; but said that "no British statesman has ever officially spoken the truth, nor commissioned to act on any real motive." Their real motive was, according to Mitchel, to buy into British interests, stranded and educated Catholics, these "honorable" Catholics would be content, and "be Western English" from that day on.
Confidence and political program
A critic of violent insurrection in Ireland, O'Connell once said that "the altar of freedom winding when cemented only with blood," and by the end of 1841, O'Connell had whipped his parliamentarian to defend the "Opium War" in China. The Tories at the time had proposed a censure motion for the war, and O'Connell had to call MPs to support the Whig Government. As a result of this intervention, the Government was saved.
Politically, he focused on parliamentary and populist methods to force change and make a regular declaration of loyalty to the British Empire. He often warned the British establishment that if they did not reform the Irish government, the Irish would begin listening to "rough male advisers". Successive British governments continued to ignore this suggestion, shortly after his death, although he was successfully extracted by the powerful willpower and the power of the peasants and the Catholic priests much of what he wanted, ie, defects in Roman Catholicism; ensure that Roman Catholics are legally elected to serve their constituents in the British Parliament (until the Irish Parliament is restored); and alter the Oath of Loyalty so as to remove the offending clause of Roman Catholicism which can then take the Oath in a good conscience.
Although a native Irish speaker, O'Connell encourages Irish people to learn English to improve. Although he is best known for the Catholic emancipation campaign; he also supports similar efforts for Irish Jews. At his insistence, in 1846, the English law "De Judaismo", which sets out special clothing for Jews, was repealed. O'Connell said: "Ireland has a claim on your ancient race, it is the only country I know is not fulfilled by a single act of persecution of the Jews."
Clash with Disraeli
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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