Humpty Dumpty is a character in the English children's rhymes, probably originally a puzzle and one of the best known in the English-speaking world. He is usually described as a personified egg, though he is not explicitly portrayed as such. The first recorded version of the rhyme dates of the late 18th century England and the 1870 song in James William Elliott's National Nursery Rhymes and Nursery Songs . Its origins are unclear and several theories have advanced to suggest the original meaning.
The character of Humpty Dumpty was popularized in the United States by actor George L. Fox (1825-77). As a character and literary allusion, he has emerged or been referred to in a large number of popular literary and cultural works, notably Lewis Carroll Through Looking Glass (1872), where he is described as an egg. This rhyme is listed on the Roud Folk Song Index as No. 13026.
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Rima is one of the best known in English. Common text from 1954 is:
It is a single quatrain with an external rhyme that follows the AABB pattern and with the trochaic meter, which is common in children's rhymes. The melody that is commonly associated with the poem was first recorded by composer composer and children's nursery James William Elliott in his book National Nursery Rhymes and Nursery Songs (London, 1870).
Maps Humpty Dumpty
Origins
The earliest known version was published in Samuel Arnold's Juvenile Amusements in 1797 with the lyrics:
The additional manuscript for a copy of Mother Goose's Melody published in 1803 has a modern version with a different last line: "Can not set Humpty Dumpty anymore". It was published in 1810 in Gammer Gurton's Garland as:
In 1842, James Orchard Halliwell published versions collected as:
According to the Oxford English Dictionary , the term "humpty dumpty" refers to brandy drinks boiled with ale in the seventeenth century. The puzzle may be exploited, misguided, the fact that "dumpty humpty" is also an eighteenth-century reduplicative slang for short and awkward people. The puzzle may depend on the assumption that an awkward person falling off the wall may be irreversible, while the egg will become damaged. The poem is no longer a riddle, because the answer is now well known. Similar puzzles have been recorded by folklorists in other languages, such as "Boule Boule" in French, "Lille Trille" in Swedish and Norwegian, and "Runtzelken-Puntzelken" or "Humpelken-Pumpelken" in different parts of Germany - there is widely known as Humpty Dumpty in English.
Meaning
The poem does not explicitly state that the subject is an egg, perhaps because it was probably originally emulated as a puzzle. There are also various original theories of "Humpty Dumpty". One, chaired by Katherine Elwes Thomas in 1930 and adopted by Robert Ripley, argues that Humpty Dumpty is King Richard III of England, portrayed as a humpback in Tudor history and especially in the Shakespeare drama, and defeated, apart from his troops, at Bosworth Field in 1485.
Professor David Daube suggested in The Oxford Magazine Feb. 16, 1956 that Humpty Dumpty was a "turtle" siege machine, a steel-coated skeleton, was used unsuccessfully to approach the city wall of Parliament held at Gloucester in 1643 during the Siege Gloucester in the British Civil War. This is the basis of contemporary accounts of the attack, but without evidence that the verse is connected. This theory is part of a series of anonymous articles on children's rhyme origins and is widely recognized among academics, but it is ridiculed by others as "ingenuity for ingenuity" and expressed as a spoof. This link was popularized by the opera children All the King's Men by Richard Rodney Bennett, first appeared in 1969.
From 1996, the Colchester tourism board website linked the origins of the poem to the recorded cannon as used from the St. Mary-at-the-Wall church by the Royalist defenders in the siege of 1648. In 1648, Colchester was a walled city with a castle and several church and protected by city walls. The given story is that a huge cannon, which the Web site claims is called Humpty Dumpty everyday, is strategically placed on the wall. The shot from the Parliament cannon managed to damage the wall under Humpty Dumpty which caused the cannon to fall to the ground. The Royalists (or Cavaliers, "everyone of the Kings") attempted to raise Humpty Dumpty to other parts of the wall, but the cannon was so heavy that "All King's horses and all the Kings can not put Humpty together anymore." Author Albert Jack claims in his 2008 Pop Goes the Weasel: The Secret Meanings of Nursery Rhymes that there are two other verses that support this claim. Elsewhere, he claimed to have found them in "old dusty libraries, in an older book", but did not state what the book was or where the book was found. It has been shown that two additional verses are not in the style of the seventeenth century or of the rhymes that exist, and that they do not fit the earliest verses of the poem, which do not mention horses and humans.
In Through Looking-Glass
Humpty appeared at Lewis Carroll Through Looking Glass (1872), where he discussed semantics and pragmatics with Alice.
"I do not know what you mean by 'glory,'" Alice said Humpty Dumpty smiled disgustedly. "Of course not - until I told you, I mean 'there's a good knock-down argument for you!' "
"But 'glory' does not mean 'a good knock-down argument,'" Alice objected "When I use words," said Humpty Dumpty, in a sneering tone, "that means what I choose to mean - no more or less."
"The question is," Alice said, "whether you can make words means so many different things."
"The question is," said Humpty Dumpty, "which must be mastered - that's all."
Alice is too confused to say anything, so after a minute, Humpty Dumpty starts again. "They have a temperament, some of them - especially verbs, they are the proudest adjectives - you can do anything with, but not verbs - but, i can manage the whole lot! Impenetrability! which I say! "
This section is used in England by Lord Atkin in his different judgments in the case of seminal Liversidge v. Anderson (1942), in which he protested about the distortion of legislation by the majority of House of Lords. This is also a popular quote in the legal opinion of the United States, appearing in 250 court decisions in the Westlaw database on April 19, 2008, including two cases of Supreme Court ( TVA v. Hill and Zschernig v. Miller ).
It has been suggested by A. J. Larner that Carroll's Humpty Dumpty has prosopagnosia on the basis of his description of his invention that is difficult to recognize.
"The face is what happens, in general," Alice said wisely "That's what I'm complaining about," said Humpty Dumpty. "Your face is the same as that of everyone - two eyes," "(marks their spot in the air with their thumbs)" nose in the middle, mouth down It's always the same Now if you have two eyes on the same side of the nose, - or the mouth above - it is partial help. "
In popular culture
Humpty Dumpty has become a very popular children's rhyme character. American actor George L. Fox (1825-77) helped popularize the characters in the nineteenth stage production of pantomime, music, and rhyme versions. His character is also a general literary allusion, especially to refer to someone in an unsafe position, something that would be difficult to reconstruct so damaged, or a short, fat person. Humpty Dumpty has been used in various literary works besides his appearance as a character in Through Looking-Glass, including L. Frank Baum Mother Goose in Prose (1901), where the puzzle They were composed by the princess, after witnessing Humpty's "death" and his father's soldiers' efforts to save him. In the early short story of Neil Gaiman in the Four and Twenty Cases of Blackbirds, the story of Humpty Dumpty turns into a violent crime story film, involving other characters from popular children's poems. Robert Rankin used Humpty Dumpty as one of the victims of a fairy tale character killer in The Hollow Chocolate Bunnies of the Apocalypse (2002). Jasper Fforde includes Humpty Dumpty in his novel The Well of Lost Plots (2003) and The Big Over Easy (2005), who use each of them as the ringleader of the children's poems. a disgruntled child of a character who threatens to attack and as a murder victim. Humpty Dumpty emerged as the main villain in the DreamWorks animation Puss in Boots (2011).
The 1925 song "I'm Sitting on Top of the World", sung by Dean Martin, Doris Day and Bobby Darin, mentions Humpty Dumpty twice in the lyrics, saying "like Humpty Dumpty, I'm going to fall".
This poem has also been used as a reference in more serious literary works, including as the recurrent motif of Fall of Man in the 1939 novel James Joyce Finnegans Wake. American novel Robert Penn Warren in 1946 All the King's Men is the story of the revival of politician Willie Stark into the governor's position and eventually falls, based on corrupt Senator Huey Long's corrupt career. It won the 1947 Pulitzer Prize and twice made the film in 1949 and 2006, the former Academy Award winner for the best film. This is echoed in Carl Bernstein's book and Bob Woodward's All the President's Men, about the Watergate scandal, referring to the failure of the President's staff to repair the damage once the scandal leaks out. It was filmed as All the President's Men in 1976, starring Robert Redford and Dustin Hoffman. Similarly, Humpty Dumpty is mentioned in the 1985 Paul Auster novel City of Glass , when two characters discuss it as "the purest embodiment of the human condition" and quotes extensively from Through Looking Glass >. The 1967 book of Luis d'Antin van Rooten Mots d'Heures , a collection of homophonic translation poems, contains an unreasonable version of the poem in French text, beginning "Un petit d'un petit, S 'ÃÆ' Â © tonne aux Halles... ".
It has also been used as a common motif in popular music, including Hank Thompson's "Humpty Dumpty Heart" (1948), The Monkees' All the King's Horses (1966), Aretha Franklin's "All the King's Horses" (1972), Tori Amos "Humpty Dumpty" (1992), and Travis' "The Humpty Dumpty Love Song" (2001). In jazz, Ornette Coleman and Chick Corea write different compositions, both titled Humpty Dumpty . (In the case of Corea, however, it was part of a Lewis Carroll-inspired concept album called The Mad Hatter , 1978).
In the song Dolly Parton Starting Over Again , it's all the king's horses and all the king's men who can not put the divorced couple back together again. In an additional verse in one ABBA's On and On and On version, Humpty Dumpty is called fear of falling off the wall.
TurboTax, the US tax preparation software company owned by Intuit, runs Humpty Dumpty-inspired television commercials during the Super Bowl LI. The ad describes Humpty Dumpty in the hospital using a smartphone application to ask if he can claim a tax deduction for medical expenses.
In science
Humpty Dumpty has been used to demonstrate the second law of thermodynamics. The law describes a process known as entropy, a measure of the number of specific ways in which a system can be governed, often regarded as a measure of "disturbance". The higher the entropy, the higher the disturbance. After his fall and subsequent destruction, the inability to re-unite is representative of this principle, since it is highly unlikely (though not impossible) to restore it to the lower initial state of entropy, since the entropy of an isolated system never existed. decreased.
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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