Music piracy is copying and distributing copies of a piece of music that makes composers, recording artists, or record companies the copyright holders do not give consent. It has a long history, because Beethoven suffered with copies of his pirated music, which reduced the revenue he could generate from publishing. In a contemporary legal environment, it is a form of copyright infringement, which is a civil error and, in certain circumstances, even crime in many countries. The 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century and the end see much controversy about copyright piracy, about the ethics of distributing media content, how many production and distribution companies in the losing media, and the enormous scope of what should be considered "piracy "- and Cases involving music piracy are among the most frequently discussed in the debate.
Video Music piracy
History
The discovery of the internet and digital media created piracy of music in its modern form. With the invention of new technology that allows the process of piracy to become more complicated, it becomes much more common. Web users start adding media files to the internet, and before the potential risks and difficulties to hijack music, like the physicality of the process, are eliminated. It's much easier for people with little knowledge of old piracy technology and methods to collect media files.
The first app that shows the implications of music piracy is Napster. Napster allows users to exchange music files through a free public server regardless of copyright law. Napster was quickly shut down after lawsuits filed by Metallica and Dr. Dre and a separate lawsuit in connection with the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. Other music sharing services like Limewire continue to be a source for those looking for free music files. The platform is also removed after several years of service due to copyright laws and the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. After finding some gaps, piracy started to exist in a more legal form, for example Pirate Bay. This technical legality is due to the format of their website and country of origin and administration. The website is created so the site itself does not host any illegal files, but gives users a map where they can access the files. In addition, in the case of Pirate Bay, the website is organized under Swedish legislation, where this "map" is not illegal.
Arguments on legality
In the face of growing encroachment on the potential sale of Internet piracy, industry associations such as the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) have been lobbying for stricter legislation and tighter penalties against those who violate copyright laws. The record companies have also turned to technological barriers to copying, such as DRM, to some controversy. These organizations have tried to add more control to digital copies of music to prevent consumers from copying music. For the most part, the industry has reached a consensus that, if not DRM, then some similar steps are needed to keep them profitable.
Critics of the record company's strategy have proposed that efforts to maintain the level of sales preclude the right of legitimate listeners to use and listen to the music they want. When the US Congress passed the Copyright Act of 1909, it deliberately gave lesser copyright control to the composers than the novelists: "The fear is the right holder's monopoly power, and that that force will hinder the creativity that follows." According to the internationally established Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, "The existing laws and regulations may be too broad and general to deal adequately with rapid technological developments that facilitate digital piracy, and policymakers may need to consider enacting some special provisions for dealing with these violations, such provisions should not hamper legitimate digital communications, or have an unfair impact on the Internet as effective communication platforms, commercial channels and educational tools... "
There are several means of free access to copyrighted music for the general public including Napster, Limewire, and Spotify. Napster is a free file sharing software created by Shawn Fanning students to allow people to share and traffic music files in mp3 format. Napster is becoming very popular because it makes it so easy to share and download music files. However, Metallica heavy metal band sued the company for copyright infringement. This causes other artists to follow and close the Napster service. Likewise, Limewire is a free peer-to-peer file sharing software similar to Napster. The software allows unlimited file sharing between computers and ends up being one of the most popular sharing networks. Like Napster, Limewire fought through various legal battles and was inevitably finally closed. Spotify and other on-demand streaming services offer a way for consumers to still get their music for free while also contributing to musicians in a small way, not just downloading music illegally, but also moving customers from purchasing a print copy of music or even legally downloading a song greatly reducing the artist's earnings.
According to the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) since Shawn Fanning started the Napster program file sharing program in 1999 music revenue has dropped 53% from $ 14.6 billion to $ 7.0 billion in 2013. A study conducted in 2007 by the Institute of Policy Innovation stated that music piracy resulted in the loss of 71,060 US jobs, of which 23,860 will be in the recording industry and 44,200 jobs in other unrelated industries.
Law enforcement
The RIAA, a powerful lobby for the recording industry, is responsible for carrying out most of the lawsuits against music piracy in the United States. Some claim that law enforcement against music piracy, which can harm copyright infringement of up to $ 150,000 per violation, does not make sense, and may even violate US constitutional protection against cruel and unusual punishment. Some accused the RIAA of intimidating, as when one of their lawyers, Matt Oppenheimer, told the defendant in a lawsuit, "You do not want to pay a visit to a dentist like me". In the same case, according to Lawrence Lessig, "the RIAA insists that they will not settle the case until every penny [the accused] is saved".
A further effort on the progress of controlling the privacy of public media content by targeting piracy removal was made when a highly anticipated but frequently debated bill known as the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) was passed in recent years. The bill was first introduced in October 2011 by a representative of the United States House Lamar S. Smith. The general scope of the legislation is to meet the objective of stopping online piracy by extending on existing criminal law regarding copyright infringement. The main purpose of the bill is to protect the intellectual property of creators by raising awareness of the severity of the penalties for copyright infringement. Naturally, the bill gets opposition from various parties. One example of this is article comments by Edward J. Black, president and CEO of Computer & amp; The Communications Industry Association, who questioned the potential effectiveness of the bill on the grounds that the pirate's main website that SOPA was trying to remove could easily negotiate under a different name if it was lowered as early as several hours later. In addition, strong protests were made on the internet when many high profile online organizations including Tumblr, Facebook, Twitter, and participated in American Censorship Day on January 18, with several sites including Reddit and Wikipedia going as far as completely blackening all their pages, directing users to SOPA protest messages. In the end, as a result of the aggressive protests and lack of opinion agreed in the congress, SOPA was submitted on January 20 by its creator, the representative of the House of Representatives Lamar Smith.
Maps Music piracy
Economic consequences
The real effect of piracy on music sales is difficult to assess accurately. In neoclassical economics prices are determined by a combination of supply and demand forces, but participants in the digital market do not always follow the usual motives and behavior of supply and demand systems. First, the cost of digital distribution has dropped significantly from the cost of distribution with the previous method. In addition, the majority of the filesharing community will distribute copies of music at zero in monetary terms, and there are some consumers who are willing to pay a certain price for a legitimate copy even when they can easily get pirated copies, such as by paying what you want the vendor.
Another problem is that many people in the world download music illegally because they can not afford to buy a valid copy, not every illegal download always means lost sales. It has some effect on music sales, but as Lawrence Lessig points out, there is a wide asymmetry between the estimated volume of illegal downloads and projected sales losses:
According to Woolley's introduction each year It is estimated that 12.5 billion dollars is lost due to file sharing and music piracy, and 5 billion of it is a lost advantage of the music industry directly. Because of the dramatic losses in the music industry profits have been forced to reduce their staff. Music piracy has become an industry-driven issue to adapt to this new era and change.
Digital copy
The article, "The Music Industry On (The) Line" Enduring Music Piracy in the Digital Age "By Jelle Janssens, Stijn Vandaele, and Tom Vander Beken present an analysis of the prevalence of piracy in the music trade, which has affected the global sales of CDs. This article shows that technological developments such as file sharing, MP3 player, and CDR have improved music piracy. The most common forms of music piracy are Internet Hijacking and piracy of compact discs. It also discusses the relationship between music piracy and organized crime, defined as profit-driven illegal activities. The fact that digital products are virtual rather than physical affects the economic mechanism behind the production and distribution of content, and how piracy works for digital as opposed to physical products: "The main consequence of non-physical forms of digital products is their almost negligible marginal reproduction costs and their ability to digital delivered. "The cost of burning CDs drastically lowers overhead costs for record companies, as well as for music pirates, and with a growing trend toward online distribution among legitimate and illegal distributors alike, the cost of distributing shrinks further than the cost of printing and transporting CDs only website maintenance costs. With mere file transfer volume, though, distributing music through traditional web servers and FTP servers is not as popular as peer to peer (P2P) now, as traditional direct download methods are slower.
The UK Music Rights Survey 2008 shows that 80% of people in the UK want official P2P services. This is consistent with previous research results conducted in the United States, where the Open Music Model is based. In addition, the majority of filesharers in the survey prefer to get their music from "local sources" such as LAN connections, emails, flash drives, sharing with others they know personally. The other most common filesharing method is with P2P technology. In 2007, the popularity of P2P networks has grown so much that they use as much as 39% of the total volume of information exchanged over the internet.
Rightsholder Solution
Along with the RIAA and BPI industry anti-piracy services, there are a number of other independent companies offering anti-piracy solutions. These companies tend to have better reach and success rates than slower industry bodies and provide alternative solutions. Leading market leaders include AudioLock, Web Sheriff, Track Topple, Detecnet, Muso and Attributors.
Minimizing Online Music Hijacking
There are several ways to minimize music piracy in using the latest Google court decisions on the right to be forgotten as well as using some proven techniques related to adding a watermark to the track and uploading your own files for promotional purposes.
A paper called The Best Anti-Piracy Practices Guide has been published by the AudioLock music anti-piracy specialist and endorsed by the Independent Music Association, the Electronic Music Association (AFEM), music distributor Believe Digital and Judge Jules (DJ and Lawyers). These guidelines provide advice on how to minimize exposure to music piracy and how best to take advantage of available solutions.
Statistics show that since the second half of the 2000s, there has been a decline in music piracy. According to NPD surveys, in 2012, about one in ten Internet users in the United States download music via a file sharing service similar to BitTorrent or LimeWire. This number is significantly less than 2005, the peak of the hijacking phenomenon, when one in five users uses peer-to-peer networks to collect music files. The advent of free streaming services has lowered the number of users hijacking music on the internet. Services like Spotify and Pandora have an easy-to-use interface and reduce the risk of computer viruses and spyware. Compared to illegal software used by old music piracy networks like Napster or Limewire, current music streaming services like Spotify and Rdio offer cheap yet legitimate access to copyrighted music by paying rights holders via money made from payments made by premium users and through advertising
See also
- The music industry
- Music copyright infringement in the People's Republic of China
- Download music
- Legal aspect of file sharing
- Trade group attempts on file shares
- Anontune, the music site by Anonymous
- Share files
- Active Content
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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