The pit or toilet is the type of toilet that collects human waste in a hole in the ground. They do not use water or one to three liters per flush with flush pit latrines. When constructed and maintained properly they can reduce the spread of the disease by reducing the amount of human waste in the environment from defecating indiscriminately. This reduces the transfer of pathogens between feces and food by flies. These pathogens are a major cause of diarrheal infections and intestinal helminth infections. Infectious diarrhea causes about 700,000 deaths in children under five years in 2011 and 250 million lost school days. The pit latitudes are the lowest cost method for separating feces from humans.
Pit latrines generally consist of three main parts: a hole in the ground, a floor or a slab with a small hole, and a shelter. The shelter is often known as a toilet. The hole is usually at least 3 meters (10 feet) and 1 m (3.2 feet). The World Health Organization recommends that they build a reasonable distance from home balancing the problem of easy access versus odors. Distance from ground water and surface water should be as much as possible to reduce the risk of groundwater contamination. The hole in the plate should be no more than 25 cm (9.8 inches) to prevent the child from falling. Light must be prevented from entering the pit to reduce access by flies. This may require the use of a lid to cover the hole on the floor when not in use. When the pit fills up to 0.5 meters (1.6 feet) from the top, it should be emptied or a new pit built and shelter moved or rebuilt at a new location. Sludge management involves emptying the pits and transporting, treating, and using the collected sludge. If this is not done properly, water pollution and public health risks may occur.
Basic pit latrines can be improved in various ways. One includes adding a vent pipe from the pit to the top of the structure. It improves airflow and reduces the smell of the toilet. It can also reduce the fly when the top of the pipe is covered with a mesh (usually made of fiberglass). In this type of toilet the lid does not need to be used to cover the hole in the floor. Other possible improvements include the floor being built so that the liquid flows into the hole and amplifies the top of the hole with a brick, block, or cement ring to improve stability. In developing countries the cost of a simple pit toilet is usually between 25 and 60 USD. Ongoing maintenance costs are between 1.5 and 4 USD per person per year.
By 2013, latrine latrines are used by about 1.77 billion people. This is mostly in developing countries. Approximately 892 million people, or 12 percent of the global population, defecate indiscriminately in 2016, mostly because they do not have toilets. South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa have the lowest access to toilets. The Indian government has been running Clean India Mission since 2014 to eliminate defecation and rural people use toilets, especially toilet latrines.
Video Pit latrine
Definition
The latrine is sometimes also referred to as "dry toilet" but this is not recommended because "dry toilet" is a thorough term used for some types of toilets and strictly refers only to the user interface. Depending on the area, the term "pit-latrine" can be used to indicate a toilet that has a squat pot with a water seal or siphon (preferably called flushing drainage tube - very common in Southeast Asia for example) or just a hole in the ground with no water seal (also called simple pit latrines) - a common type in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa. While dry toilets can be with or without urine diversion, latrine holes are almost always without urine diversion. The main characteristic of pit latrines is the use of pits, which infiltrate the liquid into the soil and act as a very limited storage and treatment device.
Fixed or improved sanitation
The pit latrine may or may not be calculated for the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) targets to improve sanitation access for the world's population, depending on the type of latrine: The pit litter without slabs is considered an improper sanitation and does not count towards the target. Pit latrines with slabs, ventilated pit ventilation and pit latrines connected to septic or septic tanks are considered as "improved sanitation facilities" as it is more likely to isolate human waste hygienically from human contact.
Maps Pit latrine
Design considerations
The size of the falling hole
The user positioned himself over a small hole when in use. The size of the dirt falling holes on the floor or slab should not be more than 25 cm (9.8 inches) to prevent the child from falling. Light must be prevented from entering the hole to reduce access by flies. This requires the use of a cover. to cover holes on the floor when not in use. However, in practice, such caps are not commonly used because they are easy to lose or to cover very dirty.
Squatting squat or toilet seat
On top of the falling hole there is nothing (this is the simplest form of pit latrine) or there may also be squats, chairs (base) or benches that can be made of concrete, ceramic, plastic or wood.
Sheltered
Shelter, warehouses, small buildings or "super buildings" accommodate squats or toilet seats and provide privacy and protection from the weather for the user. Ideally, shelters or small buildings should have hand-washing facilities available inside or outside (eg provided with water from a rainwater storage tank on the roof of a shelter) although unfortunately this is rarely the case in practice. In shelters, rectal cleaning materials (such as toilet paper) and bins should also be available. More substantial structures may also be built, commonly known as latrines.
Find the pit
The liquid flows from the hole and passes through an unsaturated soil zone (which is not completely filled with water). Furthermore, this fluid from the pit enters groundwater where they can cause groundwater contamination. This is a problem if the nearest water well is used to supply ground water for drinking water. During travel on the ground, the pathogen may die or be absorbed significantly, depending largely on the travel time between the pit and the well. Most, but not all pathogens die within 50 days of travel through the subsurface.
The degree of pathogen removal varies greatly with soil type, aquifer species, distances and other environmental factors. For this reason, it is difficult to estimate the safe distance between holes and water sources - a problem that also applies to septic tanks. Detailed guides have been developed to estimate the safe distance to protect groundwater sources from pollution from on-site sanitation. However, this is largely ignored by those who build latrines. In addition, household plots are of limited size and hence pit latrines are often built closer to groundwater wells than can be considered safe. This causes groundwater pollution and household members to fall ill when using this ground water as a source of drinking water.
As a very general guideline it is recommended that the bottom of the pit should be at least 2 m above the groundwater level, and a minimum horizontal distance of 30 m between the hole and the water source is usually recommended to limit exposure to microbial contamination. soup> [1] However, no general statement is made regarding the minimum lateral separation spacings required to prevent well contamination from the pit pit. For example, even a 50 m lateral separation distance may be insufficient in a strong karstification system with a supply of downgradient or spring wells, while a 10 m lateral separation distance is sufficient if there is a well-developed clay covering layer and the annular chamber of groundwater is well sealed well.
If local hydrogeological conditions (which may vary within a few square kilometers) are ignored, the latrine can cause significant public health risks through contaminated ground water. In addition to pathogenic problems, there is also a problem of nitrate contamination in groundwater from pit latrines. Increased levels of nitrates in drinking water from private wells are thought to have led to cases of blue baby syndrome in children in rural Romania and Bulgaria in Eastern Europe.
Layer hole
Partial
The "partial" latrine toilet is the place where the top of the hole in the ground is lined up. The pit lining material may include brick, rotten, concrete, stone, or mortar attached to the ground. This partial layer is recommended for pit pits used by a large number of people - such as public toilets in rural areas, or in forest gardens or busy rest areas, resting places or other busy locations - or where unstable soils to enhance immortality and allow emptying of holes without it easily collapsed. The bottom of the hole should remain unmoved to allow the infiltration of fluid out of the hole.
Fully
The fully-lined latrine toilet has a concrete layer also on the base so that no liquid enters the soil. One can argue that this is no longer a "hole" of latrines in a stricter sense. The advantage is that no groundwater contamination can occur. The main disadvantage is that full well filled full hole toilets (because urine can not escape the holes) result in high costs for emptying and maintaining latrines. Increased odor can also be a problem as the pit content gets wetter and emits more odors. This type of latrine is only used in special circumstances, for example in dense settlements where groundwater protection is paramount.
Feasibility
Pit latrines are often built in developing countries even in situations where they are not recommended. These include (adapted from):
- Frequent floods, resulting in inoperable toilet systems and contamination of water resources;
- Unfavorable soil conditions, such as unstable or rocky soils and high water levels, make pit-based sanitation difficult and costly;
- When ground water is the main source of drinking water and possibly contaminated by pit-based sanitation (eg in dense settlements or with unfavorable hydrogeological conditions);
- Limited land limits the excavation of new holes if the full latrine pit is usually not emptied;
- Indoor installation is preferred because it provides greater comfort and security at night, making it more accessible for all
In conditions where latrine latrines are not suitable for the above-mentioned reasons, installation of other types of toilets should be considered, eg. dry toilets that drain urine (UDDT).
Type
Pit toilet collects human waste in the hole in the ground. The principle of latrine is all the liquid that goes into the hole? -? Especially urine and water used for rectal cleansing? -? It seeps into the ground (the only exception is a full pit latrine, see below).
Enhanced hole vibrates
Ventilated ventilated VIPs (VIPs) are pit latrines with black pipes (ventilation pipes) attached to the pits and the screen (flyscreen) at the top of the pipe. VIP toilets are an improvement to overcome the weaknesses of simple pit latrines, such as flying and mosquitoes and unpleasant odors. The aroma is brought upward by the effect of the chimney and the flies are prevented from leaving the hole and spreading the disease.
The main mechanism of ventilation in the VIP toilet is the action of wind gusts at the top of the vent pipe. The wind creates strong air circulation through the superstructure, down through the squatting hole, across the hole and up and out of the vent pipe. The unpleasant odor of feces from the contents of the pit is thus sucked and discharged from the ventilation pipe, leaving the superstructure odor-free. In some cases solar-powered fans are added to provide a constant outflow from the ventilation pipe.
Flies that searched for spawning sites were attracted by the smell of the feces coming from the ventilation pipe, but they were prevented from entering by the flyscreen at the vent pipe outlet. Some flies can enter the hole through the squat hole and lay eggs there. When new adult flies arise, they instinctively fly into the light. However, if the pit is dark inside, the only light they can see is at the top of the vent pipe. Since the vent pipe is covered by a fly screen at the top, the fly will not be able to escape and eventually will die and fall back into the hole.
To ensure that there is airflow through the toilet, there should be adequate ventilation from the superstructure. This is usually achieved by leaving openings above and below the door, or by building a spiral wall without a door.
Covering the stool with the absorber will reduce the odor and make the blisters fly. These may include soil, sawdust, ash, or chalk, among others. In developing countries, the use of absorbents in pit toilets is not common.
Design of twin holes
A further improvement is probably the use of a second pit that is used interchangeably with the first pit. This means that the first hole can rest for the time it takes to fill the second hole. When the second hole is also full, then the first hole is emptied. The sewage sludge collected in the first pit has so far decreased the pathogen level although this may not be complete. This is a common design for so-called toilet twin hole pits and improves security for those who have to get into the hole. Also VIPs are sometimes built with two holes, although for a VIP toilet one problem may be that the user may not stick to this alternate method and fill both pits at the same time.
Pour hole flush toilet
In toilets with cast holes, squat or pedestal toilets with water seals (U-trap or siphon) are used in more than one or two offset holes. Therefore, this type of toilet does require water for flushing but instead has many of the same characteristics as a simple hole toilet. For this reason they are incorporated into the term "pit latrine". The sewage sludge discharged from the pits full of double-hole pit toilet holes is somewhat safer to handle and reuse than the sludge from a single hole toilet flush hole. However, significant health risks for workers who empty the pit remain in both cases.
An alternative to the U-trap or siphon design is to incorporate a counter-weighted trap door mechanism that provides an airtight sealant in a closed position. The addition of a small amount of water (generally less than 500 ml) overcomes the counterweight and allows dirt to enter the hole. The device is sold under the name "SaTo pan" for $ 1.85 USD and more than 800,000 of which have been installed worldwide since it was introduced in 2013.
Cat hole
Cat holes are disposable latrine toilets that are often used by campers, pedestrians, and other outdoor recreational visitors. This is also called the "cat method" and simply means digging a small hole large enough to shit one defecation event which is then covered with soil.
Maintenance
The requirement to empty the safe faeces and the management of sludge is often forgotten by those who build latrines, as the pits will only fill in the next few years. However, in many developing countries safe stool mud management practices are still lacking and causing public health risks and environmental pollution. Manure sludge that has been removed from the hole manually or with a vacuum tanker is often thrown into the environment indiscriminately, leading to the so-called "institutionalized open defecation".
Empty the pit
When the hole is full, the toilet is no longer in use. The time required to fill the hole depends on the volume, the number of users, the level of soil and groundwater permeability. It can usually take between one to ten years or even longer in some extraordinary cases. At that point, the pit latrines are closed and abandoned, and new ones are built if space in the property allows this. The new pit latter can reuse the shelter (super-structure). For pit latrines in more populous areas or in schools, full holes are more likely to be emptied so that toilets can continue to be used in the same location.
Discharging can be done manually with shovel and bucket (manual flushing), with manual-powered pumps or with motorized pumps mounted on vacuum trucks carrying tanks for storage. In order for faecal faeces to be pumped, water usually needs to be added to the pits and the contents are stirred, messy and smelly.
The procedure for the safe discharge of sludge from latrines is a priority for many developing countries where many new latrines have been built in rural areas in recent years, such as in Bangladesh.
In Haiti, the workers who empty the pit latrines are called bayakou.
Mud Management
Fecal mud can be transported by road to a sewage treatment facility, or to be composted elsewhere. There are many licensed haulage companies that provide such services in areas that are needed in developed countries, although in developing countries they are not well regulated and often done by informal workers who are untrained, unskilled and unprotected.
When properly managed and maintained to achieve high levels of killing pathogens, the sewage mud from the latrine pit can be used as fertilizer because of its high content of nitrogen, phosphorus and organic matter. However, it is difficult to ensure that this is done in a safe way. The number of feasible worm eggs is usually used as an indicator organism to make statements about the load of pathogens in the sludge sample. Male eggs are highly persistent for most methods of treatment and are therefore a good indicator.
pit additives
A variety of commercially available products that claim to help reduce the volume of dirt in the latrine, and reduce the smell and the problem of flies. They are collectively described as holes additives and many of them are based on the concept of effective microorganisms. The goal is to add certain microbial strains to help the process of decomposition - but its effectiveness is debated and recent research has found no effect under scientific test conditions.
Wood ash or sawdust can also be added over dirt to reduce odor. However, this is rarely done for latrines (more often for dry toilets) because the user feels that it is too much hassle and generally does not expect pit latrines to be odor free and somewhat prepared with odors. In the case of Arborloos it is advisable to add some leaves, soil or compost into the hole after a bowel movement.
Benefits
Advantages of the latrine may include:
- Can be created and fixed with locally available materials
- Low capital cost (but variable) depends on material and hole depth
- Small field area required
Measures to improve access to safe water, sanitation and better hygiene, which include the use of latrines in limbs, are believed to prevent nearly 90% of deaths from contagious diarrhea.
Disadvantages
Lack of openings may include:
- Flies and smells are usually seen by users
- The toilet must be outdoors with a security risk associated if the person is living in an unsafe situation
- Low reduction of organic substances and pathogens
- Possible groundwater contamination with pathogens and nitrates
- The cost to clear the pit may be significant compared to the capital cost
- Clearing the pit is often done in a very insecure way
- Sludge (called fecal sludge) requires further care and/or proper disposal
- The latrine is often relocated or rebuilt after several years (when the hole is full and if the hole is not emptied) and thus requires more space than the urine-run dry toilet for example and people are less willing to invest in super high-quality structures because they must disassembled at some point.
Cost
In developing countries the cost of building for a simple pit toilet is between about US $ 25 and 60 . This cost figure has a wide range because the cost varies a lot depending on the type of soil, the depth and strengthening of the hole, the superstructure that the user is willing to pay, the type of squat toilets or toilets selected, labor costs, building materials (in particular the cost of cement can differ widely from one country to another country), ventilation system and so on.
Rather than just looking at construction costs, all living costs (or life cycle costs) should be considered, since discharge or rebuilding latrine latrines on a regular basis can add significant costs to households in the long term.
Society and culture
User experience
The latrine may or may not be a pleasant experience to use. Problems can occur when the toilet pit is divided by too many people, not cleaned every day and not emptied when the hole is full. In such cases, flies and odors can be a major distraction. Also, the latrine is usually a dark place that is difficult to keep clean. Often, hand washing facilities are lost. For this reason, joint pit latrines can be very uncomfortable for use in developing countries.
Alternative to open defecation
Approximately 892 million people, or 12 percent of the global population, defecate indiscriminately in 2016, mostly because they do not have toilets. South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa have the lowest access to toilets. The latrine is a cheap toilet option that does not require expensive infrastructure. Thus, many government agencies and NGOs promote the construction of latrines in rural areas (groundwater contamination can be a problem).
The Indian government has been running Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (Indian Clean Mission) since 2014 to eliminate defecation and to make people in rural areas use toilets, especially toilet latrines. This campaign is a combination of building new toilets and encouraging behavioral change. In India's Haryana state, slogans such as "No Toilet, No Bride" or "No toilets, none" I "" have been used to promote the construction of toilets (usually flush toilets flush toilets). In rural India, there is sometimes a cultural preference for defecation and this may be difficult to overcome with unattractive toilet designs, such as latrines.
The community-led total sanitation approach resulted in spontaneous construction and the continued use of pit latrines rather than defecation.
See also
- Toilet bucket
- Household
References
External links
- Single hole toilet on eCompendium website, online version of Eawag-Sandec Compendium
- The WEDC knowledge database is filtered for WEDC guides and latrines (WEDC, Loughborough University, UK)
- Photographs of pit latrine: Search for "pit latrine" in photo database of Sustainable Sanitation Alliance on flickr
- Onsite Storage and Maintenance and maintenance technology in Sanitary and Sustainable Water Treatment Equipment (SSWM) toolbox
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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